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91.
Earthquakes are insured in high-risk high-income countries only if the public sector is involved. Prototypical examples are the insurance schemes in California (United States), Japan, and New Zealand, but each is structured differently. This paper examines these variations using a concrete case study: the sequence of earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 2010–11—the most heavily insured seismic event in history. It assesses what would have been the outcome had the Christchurch insurance system been different, focusing on the California Earthquake Authority (CEA) programme and Japan Earthquake Reinsurance (JER). Overall, the aggregate cost of the earthquake to the New Zealand public insurer (Earthquake Commission) was USD 6.2 billion. If a similar-sized disaster had occurred in Japan and California, homeowners would have received around USD 1.6 billion and USD 0.7 billion, respectively. This paper describes the distributive and spatial patterns of these scenarios and discusses some key policy questions that emerge from this comparison. 相似文献
92.
大鼠类Alu重复序列的克隆及其在染色体DNA突变分析中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从大鼠低Cot值DNA文库分离到一种类Alu的重复序列,命名为RALRS-1。对RALRS-1克隆并进行了测序,长度为283bp,发现其中含有单一的微卫星(microsatellite)序列AG,AGG和AGGG。RALRS-1DNA序列在大鼠单倍体基因组中的拷贝数为150000~330000。依RALRS-1中的一段序列合成了一28寡核苷酸探针(AGGG)7,对大鼠正常组织和肿瘤组织DNA指数谱 相似文献
93.
短小芽孢杆菌A—30耐碱性木聚糖酶基因的分子生物学研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
采用PCR方法对短小芽孢杆菌A-30菌株的耐碱性木聚糖酶基因进行克隆。在木聚糖选择平板上用刚果红染色法筛选出阳性克隆,提取阳性克隆的重组质粒进行酶切鉴定和测序。该基因在大肠杆菌中表达,过夜培养物胞外、胞内和周质空间的木聚糖酶酶活分别为0.159IUmL^-1、0.322IUmL^-1和0.007IUmL^-1。此木聚糖酶表现出较宽的pH作用范围,最适作用pH7左右,在pH9时仍有60%以上的酶活性。图4参14 相似文献
94.
Callaghan TV Tweedie CE Akerman J Andrews C Bergstedt J Butler MG Christensen TR Cooley D Dahlberg U Danby RK Daniëls FJ de Molenaar JG Dick J Mortensen CE Ebert-May D Emanuelsson U Eriksson H Hedenås H Henry H R G Hik DS Hobbie JE Jantze EJ Jaspers C Johansson C Johansson M Johnson DR Johnstone JF Jonasson C Kennedy C Kenney AJ Keuper F Koh S Krebs CJ Lantuit H Lara MJ Lin D Lougheed VL Madsen J Matveyeva N Mcewen DC Myers-Smith IH Narozhniy YK Olsson H Pohjola VA Price LW Rigét F Rundqvist S 《Ambio》2011,40(6):705-716
Understanding the responses of tundra systems to global change has global implications. Most tundra regions lack sustained environmental monitoring and one of the only ways to document multi-decadal change is to resample historic research sites. The International Polar Year (IPY) provided a unique opportunity for such research through the Back to the Future (BTF) project (IPY project #512). This article synthesizes the results from 13 papers within this Ambio Special Issue. Abiotic changes include glacial recession in the Altai Mountains, Russia; increased snow depth and hardness, permafrost warming, and increased growing season length in sub-arctic Sweden; drying of ponds in Greenland; increased nutrient availability in Alaskan tundra ponds, and warming at most locations studied. Biotic changes ranged from relatively minor plant community change at two sites in Greenland to moderate change in the Yukon, and to dramatic increases in shrub and tree density on Herschel Island, and in subarctic Sweden. The population of geese tripled at one site in northeast Greenland where biomass in non-grazed plots doubled. A model parameterized using results from a BTF study forecasts substantial declines in all snowbeds and increases in shrub tundra on Niwot Ridge, Colorado over the next century. In general, results support and provide improved capacities for validating experimental manipulation, remote sensing, and modeling studies. 相似文献
95.
Identification of various laccases induced by anthracene and contribution to its degradation in a Mediterranean coastal pine litter 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mediterranean coastal ecosystems are known to be highly subject to natural and anthropic environmental stress. In this study, we examine the effects of anthracene as a common pollutant on the total microbial communities from a Pinus halepensis litter of a typical Mediterranean coastal site (Les Calanques, Marseille). The main objective was to identify the microbial factors leading the resilience of this ecosystem. Two questions were addressed: (i) how lignin-degrading enzymes (Laccase, Lignin-peroxidase and Mn-peroxidase) are affected by the presence of this molecule, (ii) whether the indigenous consortia are involved in its degradation in mesocosms under favorable incubation conditions (25 °C, 60% WHC) and after different time intervals (1 and 3 month(s)). We found a strong increase in laccase production in the presence of anthracene after 3 months, together with anthracene degradation (28% ± 5). Moreover 9,10-anthraquinone is detected as the product of anthracene oxidation after 3 months. However neither lignin-peroxidase activity nor Mn-peroxidase activity is detected. Laccase proteins directly extracted from litter were sequenced via Nano-LC-MS/MS and reveal twelve different peptide sequences induced by the presence of anthracene in the mesocoms. Our study confirms the major detoxification role of this enzymatic system and highlights the high degradation potential of fungal species inhabiting P. halepensis litter, a factor in the resilience of Mediterranean ecosystems. 相似文献
96.
97.
一种基于混沌和魔方的数字图像置乱算法 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
在现有数字图像置乱算法的基础上,分别分析了这些算法存在的不足,详细介绍了混沌序列及其优点。在介绍魔方玩法的基础上,指出可以把对魔方的初始置乱理解成加密过程,并分析魔方的加密原理在数字图像置乱中应用的可能性。并设计了一种结合混沌和魔方优点的数字图像置乱算法。该方法将图像的行列和对角线定义成魔方变换的旋转面,将对魔方的旋转定义成旋转面的循环移动。置乱过程先根据密钥产生混沌序列,再由混沌序列控制魔方变换进行图像置乱。通过与其他算法的实验对比,表明该算法有较好的图像置乱效果,达到了对图像进行置乱的目的。分析表明,该算法的时间复杂度较低,安全性较高,满足实际的应用需要。 相似文献
98.
Carlos A. Bacino Lawrence D. Platt Ann Garber Dru Carlson Samuel Pepkowitz Ralph S. Lachman Reuven Sharony David L. Rimoin John M. Graham Jr MD ScD 《黑龙江环境通报》1993,13(11):1011-1019
Intrauterine fetal movement plays a key role in normal embryonic and fetal development (Moessinger, 1983). When movement is absent or decreased, abnormal development takes place which can be appreciated in newborns and/or fetuses with the fetal akinesia/ hypokinesia sequence. This sequence is caused by a number of heterogeneous entities which result in decreased fetal movements by the action of intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Prenatal diagnosis of the akinesia/hypokinesia sequence may be possible during the second trimester through the use of real-time ultrasonographic evaluation of fetal movement. We report a family with three consecutive affected pregnancies in which the prenatal presentation of this sequence varied. Based on the phenotypic findings of the three affected fetuses, we believe that although they superficially resemble those features found in the New–Laxova syndrome, they are probably affected with a distinctly different lethal form of akinesia/ hypokinesia transmitted in an autosomal recessive fashion. 相似文献
99.
100.
P. D. Turnpenny M. M. Hakim R. J. Thwaites R. M. Nash H. E. Allen Y. Zacharian T. Chazantchuk E. Weiner 《黑龙江环境通报》1990,10(10):675-676
We describe an infant born at 29 weeks' gestation with oligohydramnios sequence due to amniotic fluid leakage following chorionic villus sampling at 12 weeks. To our knowledge, this is the first such report. 相似文献