苏南典型工农业交错区土壤铅富集特征及源解析——基于PCA-PMF方法

为阐明长江三角洲典型工农业交错区土壤中Pb富集特征以及污染源贡献,以常熟地区典型水稻土为研究对象,分析了该地区表层土壤和土壤剖面中Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd以及主量元素等的含量及Pb形态分布.结果显示,研究区表层土壤发生了显著的Pb富集,土壤Pb平均含量超出了当地水稻土Pb背景值近一倍,地学统计分析反映表层土壤Pb处于轻度污染水平.外源铅在土壤中主要以铁锰氧化态和残渣态存在.相对于表层土壤,深层土壤(20~60cm)具有较高的碳酸盐结合态Pb占比和残渣态Pb占比,以及较低的腐殖酸结合态Pb占比和铁锰氧化态Pb占比.主成分分析法(PCA)和正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)分析结果均显示表层土壤Pb主要来自4种污染源:约42.8%继承于岩石风化的自然产物、15.5%来自于含Pb汽油等化石燃料燃烧排放(通过大气沉降形式输送到土壤等方式)、21.6%来自于电镀等有色金属冶炼的工业活动和20.1%的可能为地表其它混合源.PCA-PMF源解析方法所得结果能较好地解析土壤中重金属来源.     

土壤中锰氧化物的形态及其化学提取方法综述

土壤中锰元素主要来自于成土母质,风化后的锰主要以锰氧化物形式存在于土壤中.锰氧化物因具有比表面积大、表面电荷低、对金属的亲合力强、氧化还原电位高等特性,对土壤中痕量金属的环境行为存在重要影响.化学提取方法是研究土壤中不同固相组分的重要手段.本文首先从土壤中锰的来源及主要存在形态出发,介绍了不同价态锰(+2、+3、+4)...     

Direct and indirect methods for chromium identification in industrial wastes

The examinations of selected wastes and stream sediments from the vicinity of a chemical plant by sequential extraction procedures and direct methods, SEM/EDX and XRD, were carried out in order to identify the different forms of chromium, particularly as they are released to potential mobility. The results show that the top and bottom waste samples contain 37,756 and 53,650 μg g¹ Cr, respectively, but about 7% and 2% of the total chromium type Cr(VI). The chemical extraction results show that the mobility of Cr in the upper part of the waste pile is significantly higher than in the bottom section; the exchangeable form of Cr accounts for 25% and < 1%, respectively, the last one irrespective of redox conditions. About 50% of Cr is associated with the reducible fraction of the top waste, and similar with the residual fraction in the bottom waste. Oxidation of the bottom waste shift some portion of Cr from residual to the moderately reducible fraction. The major Cr-forms in the river sediments are compounded with Fe-oxides. The < 2 μm size fraction of the selected sediment sample, particular enriched in chromium contained up to 73,000 μg g¹ Cr with about 95% of this in the moderately reducible fraction, predominantly bound with oxyhydroxides. SEM/EDX and XRD analysis of wastes and river sediment indicate that the main insoluble Cr-phase is ferroan — (Mg, Fe) (Cr, Al)²O⁴ which would be dissolved mainly in the residual fraction.     

连续式生物吸收工艺脱除二氧化硫

运用连续式生物吸收处理工艺,以废糖蜜发酵液作为碳源进行了微生物法去除SO2气体的研究,在简单粗放的实验条件下,研究了脱硫脱硫弧菌对较大气量SO2气体的去除效果,并对产物H2S在第二级生物反应器中的去除率进行了测定。实验结果表明,随着进气量由0.18 m3/h增大至5 m3/h,脱硫率会降低,但是随之提高搅拌速度和补料速度后,脱硫率又恢复到较高水平,当搅拌速度为590 r/min时,5 L生物反应液可以处理5 m3/h的SO2气体,1#反应器SO2去除率和2#反应器H2S去除率分别达到92%和98%以上。在气量增至5 m3/h时,1#和2#反应器补料流速分别为175 mL/h和200 mL/h时,没有亚硫酸盐和硫化物的积累,pH值和菌体浓度稳定,系统运行良好。     

Heavy metal distribution and chemical speciation in tailings and soils around a Pb-Zn mine in Spain

Soil pollution by lead, zinc, cadmium and copper was characterized in the mine tailings and surrounding soils (arable and pasture lands) of an old Spanish Pb-Zn mine. Sixty soil samples were analyzed, determining the total metal concentration by acid digestion and the chemical fractionation of Pb and Zn by the modified BCR sequential extraction method. Samples belonging to mine waste areas showed the highest values, with mean concentrations of 28,453.50 mg kg(-1) for Pb, 7000.44 mg kg(-1) for Zn, 20.57 mg kg(-1) for Cd and 308.48 mg kg(-1) for Cu. High concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cd were found in many of the samples taken from surrounding arable and pasture lands, indicating a certain extent of spreading of heavy metal pollution. Acidic drainage and wind transport of dust were proposed as the main effects causing the dispersion of pollution. Sequential extraction showed that most of the Pb was associated with non-residual fractions, mainly in reducible form, in all the collected samples. Zn appeared mainly associated with the acid-extractable form in mine tailing samples, while the residual form was the predominant one in samples belonging to surrounding areas. Comparison of our results with several criteria reported in the literature for risk assessment in soils polluted by heavy metals showed the need to treat the mine tailings dumped in the mine area.