HOUSEHOLD WATER USE: TECHNOLOGICAL SHIFTS AND CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS1

ABSTRACT: A study was undertaken to determine the effect of water intensive appliances or activities on household water consumption. Activities included in the study were use of the washing machine, dishwasher, swimming pool, and lawn watering. In the majority of cases these activities increased per capita consumption and were statistically significant. Households included in the study were not familiar with water saving devices available in the retail market. Even if tehse appliances were purchased, private economic benefits to the household would be low due to the inexpensive water charges levied. However, aggregate community benefits could be large if new well drilling cost or increase in storage facilities could be avoided. In order to avoid these increased costs, regulation or subsidy programs may be the most efficient policy alternatives available to the communities. Subsidies and regulation could potentially decrease water use and offer alternatives to increasing the water supply.     

经济发达地区土地资源可持续利用方式诊断——以江阴市为例

本文以江苏省江阴市为例 ,采用定性分析与定量诊断相结合的方法 ,研究了经济发达地区土地资源可持续利用水平、动态变化以及障碍因素。研究表明 :江阴市土地资源利用已进入基本可持续状态 ,但也出现了生态环境恶化、建设用地比重增大、耕地面积下降等问题。针对诊断结果 ,提出了促进土地资源可持续利用的几项对策     

WATER USE CONFLICT NEAR MADISON,NEBRASKA1

ABSTRACT: Nebraska statutes give first preference for use of ground water to domestic purposes, second to agriculture, and third to manufacturing or industrial purposes. Rapid growth in the number of irrigation wells has caused an increasing number of water use conflicts. One such conflict arose from the installation and use of an irrigation well near Madison in Madison County, Nebraska. Pumping from the irrigation well coincided with head declines in nearby domestic wells screened in the same sand and gravel, but appeared unrelated to water level changes in wells screened in a higher saturated sand. A drawdown-recovery test was performed to determine the degree of hydraulic connection between the wells involved. Operation of the irrigation well was determined to be the cause of the head decline in nearby domestic wells screened in the same sand and gravel. Partly as a result of this conflict, legislation recently introduced into the state legislature would require that wells of higher preference be “reasonably” constructed if wells of lower preference are to be held liable for head loss.     

城市总体规划环境影响评价方法

开发不同类型规划的环境影响评价技术和方法是当前国内的热点研究领域之一.围绕城市总体规划特点,在分析识别规划经济增长和用地布局方案中存在的多种不确定性的基础上,以产业和用地为基本评估单元,综合运用蒙特卡罗随机采样技术和HSY算法,并将其与地理信息系统进行整合,建立了基于结构与空间不确定性分析的城市规划环评方法和系统评估模型.     

天然橡胶改性废弃塑料制备不干胶的研究

利用废弃聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料为主要基料、掺入少量天然橡胶改性,通过对溶剂、增塑剂、乳化剂及增稠剂的筛选,研制出了一种低成本的不干胶,对该不干胶的配方进行优化选择,对其性能指标进行了测试,测试结果表明该不干胶的粘附力大,耐水性能好,能反复粘贴,能耐酸、耐碱、耐冻,同时原料易得。     

生态旅游环境友好型土地利用模式——以云南香格里拉县为例

根据对云南香格里拉县生态旅游环境友好型土地利用模式的野外调查和研究工作,分析出现象背后的模式内涵,总结形成该模式的地域特点,并指出此种土地利用模式解决的人地矛盾,为其它地区借鉴此种环境友好型土地利用模式提供实例参考,最后建设性地提出了推广此种模式应具备的条件,为具体实施提供理论指导。     

Uncertainty analysis on aquatic environmental impacts of urban land use change

Uncertainties hamper the implementation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA). In order to quantitatively characterize the uncertainties of environmental impacts, this paper develops an integrated methodology through uncertainty analysis on land use change, which combines the scenario analysis approach, stochastic simulation technique, and statistics. Dalian city in China was taken as a case study in the present work. The results predict that the Fuzhou River poses the highest environmental pollution risk with a probability of 89.63% for COD in 2020. Furthermore, the Biliu River, Fuzhou River, Zhuang River, and Dasha River have 100% probabilities for NH₃-N. NH₃-N is a more critical pollutant than COD for all rivers. For COD, industry is the critical pollution source for all rivers except the Zhuang River. For NH₃-N, agriculture is the critical pollution source for the Biliu River, Yingna River, and Dasha River, sewage for the Fuzhou River and Zhuang River, and industry for the Dengsha River. This methodology can provide useful information, such as environmental risk, environmental pressure, and extremely environmental impact, especially under considerations of uncertainties. It can also help to ascertain the significance of each pollution source and its priority for control in urban planning.     

中国农业用水与经济增长的Kuznets假说及验证

提出中国农业用水与经济增长的Kuznets假说,并对此进行了分析和验证。在对改革开放以来中国经济增长与农业用水的趋势进行直观分析后,采用了中国31个省市区1999～2005年人均农业用水量和经济增长相关指标的面板数据,通过计量模型检验农业用水库兹涅茨曲线在中国是否存在,定量分析了农业用水量变动与经济增长之间的规律。研究结果表明：农业用水量最初随着人均GDP和人均农林牧渔业增加值增长而增加,当达到某一个阈值点后,开始逐渐下降,基本上符合库兹涅茨曲线的特征。中国目前已处于农业用水库兹涅茨曲线的右半段,但农业用水量下降的速度较为缓慢。因此,在促进经济增长的同时,要注重利用管理和技术等手段来发展节水农业,这将有助于在农业产业内部提升用水效率,缩减农业用水量。〖     

岷江流域土地利用结构对地表水水质的影响

当点源污染得到有效控制时,非点源污染,尤其是农业非点源污染将成为影响地表水水质的主要因素。利用遥感和地理信息系统技术获取岷江流域土地利用类型,并在分析该流域内地表水水质监测数据的基础上,研究了不同土地利用结构与地表水水质的相关关系。结果表明,在以单一土地利用类型为主控制的区域中,林地和草地控制的小流域的地表水水质明显优于耕地;在不同土地利用类型的组合结构中,地表水水质的优劣状况介于林地、草地和耕地为主控制的小流域之间;在其他条件相似时,随着小流域内林地和草地比例的增加,非点源污染降低,而随着耕地比例的增加,非点源污染有增大的趋势。此外,土地利用结构对地表水水质的影响不仅表现在数量结构上,同时表现在空间分布上.     

额济纳天然胡杨林水分利用效率动态变化研究

黑河下游的额济纳绿洲是我国西北地区重要的生态屏障,也是当地人民赖以生存的自然资源,然而由于种种原因,这片绿洲正在衰败并且有消亡的危险.胡杨是典型的潜水旱中生植物,它虽然有较强的耐大气干旱、耐盐碱能力,其生长发育与水分条件的优劣有着十分密切的关系.本文通过研究额济纳天然胡杨的叶水势、蒸腾速率、光合速率的变化规律,综合分析其水分利用效率与叶水势的相关关系,了解胡杨树体内水分运移关系,为揭示胡杨生存现状和合理利用水资源提供理论依据,为合理保护额济纳绿洲胡杨林提供科学支持.