中国大豆压榨企业空间格局及其演变机制

随着中国居民生活水平的不断提高,国内肉蛋奶的消费需求逐年增长,致使作为主要饲料蛋白原料的豆粕需求也不断增加。而豆粕是大豆压榨行业的主要产品,因此,大豆生产、大豆压榨、饲料生产和畜禽养殖组成了一个密切关联的产业系统,大豆原料生产与供给区分布、饲料生产和畜禽养殖业布局又会对大豆压榨行业空间格局的形成产生重要影响。以大豆压榨企业为研究对象,通过产业链视角,运用平均最近邻分析、核密度分析方法,研究了1996-2016年间中国大豆压榨企业的空间格局演变规律与集聚特征,然后构建了条件Logit模型探讨影响中国大豆压榨企业区位选择的主要因素。结果表明：中国大豆压榨企业空间集聚程度较高,自1996年以来,经历了从大豆主产区向沿海港口城市集聚再沿长江、哈大铁路、陇海铁路等交通运输线路扩散的演化特点。各地原料资源禀赋、运费成本、市场规模与潜力、集聚经济以及政府政策都会不同程度地影响中国大豆压榨企业的空间格局,并且不同时期影响大豆压榨企业空间格局的因素显著性及强度都会有所变化。2000-2005年原料资源禀赋、运输成本、豆粕市场规模以及集聚经济发挥着较大作用;2006-2010年间集聚经济和政府政策共同主导了大豆压榨企业的区位决策;2010年以后市场潜力与集聚不经济则表现出更强的作用。     

Impacts of the deforestation driven by agribusiness on urban population and economic activity in the Dry Chaco of Argentina

Agriculture expansion oriented to global market has changed the relation between population and deforestation in South America. Actually, the population dynamic in an agricultural frontier turned into a consequence of deforestation (rather than the cause). For Dry Chaco of Argentina during the period 1991–2001, we explore the impacts of deforestation over urban population and employment dynamics in small- and medium-size urban centers. We used deforestation maps from remote sensing data and demographic information from the national census. We found a positive relation between population growth and deforestation. Additionally, urban centers in a context of new and active deforestation stages generate more jobs than in a context of advanced stages. Based on our results, we suggest a boom and bust pattern. Agriculture expansion and deforestation generate transient jobs and benefits, but in a long-run perspective, positive impacts are uncertain.     

Protoplast fusion between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodobacter sphaeroides for the treatment of soybean wastewater

The kinetic parameters and the purification rates of the hybrid cell Foaz in soybean processing wastewater (SPW) were measured through a shaking reaction and in two automatic regulated control stable fermentation systems (ARCSFS). The maximum specific growth rate of Foaz was 0.576 h^‐1, higher than that of one of its parental strains Rhodobacter sphaeroides P9479 and lower than that of another parental strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y9407. The BOD₅ removal rate of Foaz in the No. 1 system was 61.3%, higher than those of both its parental strains when the influent BOD₅ concentration was 4600 mg/L. The results of this study suggest that the hybrid Foaz has a better capacity of the degradation of organic pollutants in SPW than its parental strains and it may be applicable to the treatment of high concentration organic wastewater.     

苗期玉米、大豆在土壤-植物系统N2O排放中的贡献

为区分植物在土壤-植物系统N₂O排放中的贡献,用封闭式箱法对在温室内砂培和土培的玉米、大豆幼苗及砂、土、砂-植物系统、土壤-植物系统的N2O排放进行了测定,同时对植物N₂O排放与植物叶片中的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性及NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N含量的关系进行了分析.结果表明:在53d的观测期内,玉米、大豆幼苗本身均可排放N₂O,且在土壤(砂)-植物系统的N₂O排放中占有很大份额(79.18%～100%);植物N₂O的排放与植物叶片的硝酸还原酶活性和NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N的含量显著正相关(R²≥0.97,n=6).     

Biodegradation Behavior of Some Vegetable Oil-Based Polymers

The potential biodegradability of several vegetable oil-based polymers was assessed by respirometry in soil for 60–100 days at temperatures of 30–58°C. Films of soybean oil and linseed oil which were oxidatively polymerized (Co catalyst) on a kraft paper support were 90%–100% mineralized to CO₂ after 70 days at 30°C. Mineralization of polymerized tung oil to CO₂ was much slower than soy or linseed oils. Mineralization of epoxy resins made from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids was rapid while mineralization of similar resins made with a triacid (citric) was slower. There was no significant degradation of polyamine/ESO resins after 100 days at 58°C. Mineralization of the available carbon in vegetable oil polyurethanes and cationically polymerized ESO was less than 7.5% after 70 days at 30°C and 25 days at 55°C compared to 100% for soybean oil. From these results, it appears that triglycerides highly cross-linked with non-degradable linkages are not biodegradable to a significant extent while triglycerides cross-linked with hydrolysable bonds such as esters remain biodegradable.     

UV-B辐射增强对大豆叶绿素荧光特性的影响

利用脉冲振幅调制叶绿素荧光仪测定大豆不同生育期叶片的荧光参数和快速光曲线,以研究UV-B辐射增强对大豆叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明, UV-B辐射增强20%条件下,大豆幼苗期、分枝-开花期和结荚期的叶绿素含量分别降低了5.03%、 7.70%和10.38%;分枝-开花期,F_v/F_m值降低了6.13%;幼苗期和分枝-开花期,有效量子产量(Y)在PAR>366 μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)时显著降低,最大潜在相对电子传递速率(P_m)分别降低了28.92%和15.49%;但对三叶期和结荚期的Y和P_m无显著影响.UV-B辐射增强使三叶期和幼苗期半饱和光强(l_k)分别降低了21.18%和23.17%;使分枝-开花期的初始斜率(α)降低了21.05%;并显著降低了幼苗期PAR>366 μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)的非光化学淬灭(NPQ)和分枝-开花期PAR>366 μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)的光化淬灭(qP).本研究意味着UV-B辐射增强抑制了PSⅡ的电子传递活性,损伤了捕光系统和耗散保护机制,破坏了大豆光合系统,使其光合效率下降.     

大豆浸出工艺生产污水处理技术研究

文章针对大豆浸出工艺污水污染物浓度高,且成分复杂的特点,确定处理工艺为气浮＋水解酸化＋生化法,并在实际工程的调试和使用过程中展开对油脂工业生产污水的处理技术研究,得到了很好的处理效果,为污水处理设计,工程建设和运行管理提供了有价值的经验数据。     

酸雨胁迫对大豆种子萌发过程中能量代谢的影响

为探索酸雨胁迫对大豆种子萌发过程中能量代谢的影响,采用pH2.0,2.5,4.0模拟酸雨处理大豆(台湾292)种子,研究不同强度酸雨胁迫对大豆种子呼吸速率,CAT活性,线粒体蛋白与ATP含量及能荷的影响.结果表明,随着酸雨胁迫强度增加(pH≤2.5),上述指标均呈下降趋势.高强度酸雨(pH为2.0)对大豆种子萌发时能量代谢的影响是最大的.     

石油污染土壤对黄豆生长的影响

通过盆栽实验,研究了不同石油烃质量比对黄豆幼苗叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)含量和SOD活性的影响;通过田间实验,探讨了石油烃对黄豆生长性状、籽粒品质和土壤中微生物群落的影响.结果表明,石油烃质量比为3 000～5 000 mg·kg-1时,对黄豆幼苗叶绿素质量比、MDA含量和SOD活性无显著影响;质量比达到10 000 mg·kg-1时,叶绿素质量比和SOD活性分别降低10.8%和9.8%,MDA含量增加12.4%.田间实验发现,10 000 mg·kg-1处理对黄豆中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪质量分数和出苗率无显著影响,但对黄豆多数生长性状影响显著,有明显毒害作用.土壤中石油烃质量比达到30 000～50 000 mg·kg-1 时,黄豆株高、单株荚数、肉荚比、百粒重、根重、单株产量、生物量、出苗率、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪质量分数显著下降;苯并[a]芘质量比达到5.32～5.59 μg·kg-1,高于国家食品标准所规定的限量(＜5 μg·kg-1);微生物数量,特别是嗜油菌数量显著增加.     

Single and joint stress of acetochlor and Pb on three agricultural crops in northeast China

In order to evaluate ecological risk of agrochemicals in agricultural environment, single and joint toxic effects of an important herbicide and a typical heavy metal on root elongation of crops were investigated. Seeds of the three crops including wheat （Triticum aestivum）, Chinese cabbage （Brassica pekimensis） and soybean （Glycine max） as the main crops in northeast China were exposed to acetochior as a herbicide and lead （Pb） as a heavy metal using the pot-culture method, and meadow brown soil as one of the main soils distributed in northeast China was applied in the investigation. The results indicated that the interactive effects of the two pollutants on root elongation of the three crops were very complicated although they had markedly significant （P〈0.01） linear interrelationships based on the regression analyses. When the concentration of added Pb^2＋ reached 200 mg/kg, acetochlor and Pb had an antagonistic effect on the inhibition of root elongation of the three crops. However, acetochlor and Pb had significantly （P〈0.05） synergic effects on the inhibition of root elongation when concentration of added Pb^2＋ was up to 1000 mg/kg. At the low concentration of added Pb, joint toxicity of acetochlor and Pb was more dependent on the concentration of Pb. Among the three crops, wheat was the most sensitive to the toxicity of Pb and Chinese cabbage was the most sensitive to the toxicity of acetochlor.