天津地区表层土壤多环芳烃含量的中尺度空间结构特征

应用地统计学技术对全天津地区表层土壤中 16种优控多环芳烃含量和土壤理化参数进行了空间结构分析 .结果显示 ,各组分浓度均存在中尺度的空间自相关性 .多环芳烃浓度的空间结构存在明显的各向异性 .大气运移和土壤TOC含量可能是影响土壤多环芳烃浓度空间结构特征的重要环境因素 .     

Recent developments of surface complexation models applied to environmental aquatic chemistry

1　ＢａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄＩｎｇｅｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｃｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ,ｖａｒｉｏｕｓｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓｗｉｔｈａｄｖｅｒｓｅｉｍｐａｃｔｓ (ｅ .ｇ .,ｔｏｘｉｃｉｔｙ ,ｍｕｔａｇｅｎｉｃｉｔｙａｎｄｌｅｔｈａｌｉｔｙ)ａｒｅｕｓｕａｌｌｙａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｈｅｔｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｏｕｓｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ,ｐｒｅｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔｌｙｃｌａｙｍｉｎｅｒａｌｓ .Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ ,ｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄｕｓｉｎ…     

活性污泥数学模型中进水易降解有机物的测定

ASM系列模型 (ASMs)自推出以来在欧美得到广泛应用。要想利用ASMs对特定污水处理过程进行准确的模拟 ,首先必须得到该过程污水的水质特性参数。介绍了连续式OUR计量法、序批式OUR计量法和絮凝过滤物理化学法等 3种测定ASMs中进水易降解有机物的方法 ,通过分析比较指出了各自的优缺点及适用情况。     

基于GIS的城市大气TSP污染空间分析

利用GIS的空间分析功能 ,对焦作城区大气TSP的污染状况及污染源的内在关系进行了深入的分析 ,通过建立TSP污染类型划分标准和污染动态变化分类系统 ,对城区TSP污染进行了分区评价 ,并进一步对城区大气TSP污染的空间动态转化规律和趋势进行了研究     

基于市域尺度的中国化肥施用与粮食产量的时空耦合关系

化肥施用是一把双刃剑,在促进粮食产量增加、保障粮食安全的同时,导致了生态环境退化,当前亟需辨明化肥施用与粮食生产之间的时空耦合关系,以便为维护粮食安全与生态安全提供有效的对策。以中国336个地级行政区为研究单元,分析2005-2015年中国粮食产量与化肥施用量的时空格局变化特征、化肥施用量与粮食产量的时空耦合关系及其动态变化过程。研究发现：（1）2005-2015年中国化肥施用量与粮食产量均呈上升趋势,化肥施用量的区内差异呈“粮食主产区—产销平衡区—粮食主销区”递减态势;而粮食产量的区域差异总体趋于增大,且呈“粮食主产区—产销平衡区—粮食主销区”递增态势。（2）化肥施用量增幅大致呈“东—中—西”阶梯式递增的趋势,而粮食产量增幅呈明显的南北分异特征。（3）从空间分布来看,胡焕庸线以东地区以“双高区”为主,胡焕庸线以西地区以“双低区”为主,且“低效施肥区”收缩,“他因素影响区”扩张。（4）期间,粮肥耦合关系以“双增型”为主,其他类型为辅,粮肥耦合关系主要向“双增型”与“他因素影响型”转变。     

湖泊水质参数空间分析中异常值的识别与处理

异常值的存在对湖泊水质参数局部估计精度产生重要影响 ,制约了地统计学在湖泊水质研究中的应用。文章以太湖为例 ,介绍了在湖泊水质参数研究中的三种异常值识别和处理的方法。应用这些方法可以有效地降低异常值的影响水平     

农药杀虫单的稻田流失规律研究

通过测坑、人工降雨等手段，对水溶性农药杀虫单的稻田消解动态、渗漏流失和径流流失等进行了研究。结果表明，(1)无水稻时，杀虫单在稻田水中消解的半衰期为0．76d；分蘖初期，杀虫单在稻田水中降解的半衰期为1．02d；平均为0．89d。(2)杀虫单的渗漏流失量在用药后8d内可达总用药量的7％—10％，平均为8．48％。(3)极端情况下，用药当天如果遇暴雨(50mm雨量)，杀虫单的径流流失量将达到用药量的30％左右。杀虫单的渗漏损失不可避免，故其流失控制应从径流损失着手，尽量避免在可能有暴雨的当天或雨前1—2d用药。     

SIMULATION OF TEMPORAL CHANGES IN RAINFALL-RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS,COON CREEK BASIN,WISCONSIN1

ABSTRACT: Streamflow for 67 years was simulated for Coon Creek at Coon Valley, Wisconsin, for three conditions in the drainage basin: (1) conditions in the 1930s; (2) conditions in the 1970s, excluding flood-detention reservoirs; and (3) conditions in the 1970s, including flood-detention reservoirs. These simulations showed that the changes in agricultural practices over 40 years (1940–80) reduced the 100-year flood by 53 percent (from 38,900 to 18,300 cubic feet per second). The flood-detention reservoirs reduced the 100-year flood by an additional 17 percent (to 15,100 cubic feet per second). The simulation was accomplished by calibrating a precipitation-runoff model to observed rainfall and runoff during two separate periods (1934–40 and 1978–81). Comparisons of model simulations showed that differences between the model calibrations for the two periods were statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level.     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF A SWEDISH AND A CHINESE HYDROLOGICAL MODEL1

ABSTRACT: There are a large number of conceptual hydrological models available today. It is not easy to immediately identify the similarities and differences between the different models. The Swedish HBV model and the Chinese Xinanjiang model are two examples of conceptual, semi-distributed, rainfall-runoff models. The Xinanjiang model was designed for use in humid and semi-humid regions, with no routine for the snowmelt runoff, whereas the snow routine is an important part of the HBV model in many applications. The model structures of the two models may be described in four routines, compared in this paper. The integral structures of them are similar, but there are some differences, especially in the runoff production routine. The physical significance and physical definitions of some model parameters were analyzed. Both models were tested in two basins. Both models gave similar results, and both models performed well in the application. The similarity of the results obtained by different model structures leads to the following two conclusions. First, more effort should probably be spent on the improvement of input data quality and coverage than on the development of more detailed model structures only. Second, inference about basin behavior and characteristics from the values of calibrated model parameters must be made with great caution.