Effect of ammonium on nitrous oxide emission during denitrification with different electron donors

Nitrous oxide(N2O) emission during denitrification is receiving intensive attention due to its high potential to cause greenhouse effects.In this study,denitrifiers were acclimated in sequencing batch reactors with methanol or acetate as the electron donor and nitrate as the electron acceptor.The effects of ammonium on N2O emission were examined in batch experiments with various electron donors.With the addition of ammonium,N2O emission increased under all the examined conditions compared to experiments without ammonium addition.With different electron donors,the highest ratio of N2O emission to the removed oxidized nitrogen was 0.70% for methanol,5.34% for acetate,and 34.79% for polyhydroxybutyrate.     

Identification of key factors governing chemistry in groundwater near the water course recharged by reclaimed water at Miyun County, Northern China

Reclaimed water was successfully used to recover the dry Chaobai River in Northern China, but groundwater may be polluted. To ensure groundwater protection, it is therefore critical to identify the governing factors of groundwater chemistry. Samples of reclaimed water, river and groundwater were collected monthly at Chaobai River from January to September in 2010. Fifteen water parameters were analyzed. Two kinds of reclaimed water were different in type (Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3 or Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3 ) and concentration of nitrogen. The ionic concentration and type in river were similar to reclaimed water. Some shallow wells near the river bed had the same type (Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3 ) and high concentration as reclaimed water, but others were consistent with the deep wells (Ca-Mg-HCO3 ). Using cluster analysis, the 9 months were divided into two periods (dry and wet seasons), and all samples were grouped into several spatial clusters, indicating different controlling mechanisms. Principal component analysis and conventional ionic plots showed that calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate were controlled by water-rock interaction in all deep and some shallow wells. This included the dissolution of calcite and carbonate weathering. Sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfate in river and some shallow wells recharged by river were governed by evaporation crystallization and mixing of reclaimed water. But groundwater chemistry was not controlled by precipitation. During the infiltration of reclaimed water, cation exchange took place between (sodium, potassium) and (calcium, magnesium). Nitrification and denitrification both happened in most shallow groundwater, but only denitrification in deep groundwater.     

反硝化菌株DA-1的脱氮研究

菌株DA-1被发现能在好氧和厌氧环境中将硝酸盐转化为气态氮。在以NO3-为唯一氮源的条件下研究了碳源、C/N和pH值对菌株DA-1好氧和厌氧反硝化脱氮的影响。结果表明:同等条件下,48 h内菌株DA-1的厌氧脱氮效率高于好氧脱氮率;菌株DA-1能在好氧和厌氧条件下利用乙酸、柠檬酸以及葡萄糖进行细胞增殖和反硝化。在厌氧条件下,三者作为碳源时的反硝化效率分别为(34.04±0.15)%、(22.72±0.32)%和(11.32±0.06)%,均低于好氧条件下的(25.38±0.14)%、(17.52±0.11)%和(8.06±0.01)%。2种条件下均是乙酸为碳源时反硝化效率最高。而丁二酸仅能在厌氧环境中作为电子供体参与反硝化反应。C/N越高越有利于菌株DA-1的厌氧反硝化,当C/N为10时,反硝化效率最高为(35.06±0.19)%。而在好氧条件下,菌株反硝化效率随着C/N的升高,先升高再降低,当C/N为8时,反硝化效率最高;好氧和厌氧脱氮的最适pH值为7.0。体系偏酸或者偏碱都会造成菌株DA-1脱氮效率的降低并出现亚硝酸盐累积。厌氧环境中pH=5.0时累积的亚硝酸盐浓度高达(8.95±2.05)mg/mL。     

2种生物反硝化法去除地下水中硝酸盐的研究

采用砂柱装置,在实验室研究了自养微生物和异养微生物2种生物反硝化方法对地下水中硝酸盐的去除效果。自养反硝化反应在以硫作为电子供体的硫/石灰石/细沙反应柱中进行,异养反硝化反应在石灰石/细沙反应柱中进行,进水增加乙醇作为外加碳源。实验结果用以比较2种反硝化方法在硝酸盐去除率、微生物反应动力学和反应产物三者的异同。结果表明,自养反硝化反应中NO3--N去除率达95.4%,异养反硝化反应去除率可达99.3%;分别与Monod微生物0级、1/2级和1级反应动力学方程进行拟合,2种反硝化反应均符合1/2级微生物反应动力学,适合用1/2级微生物反应方程描述;在反应结束阶段,自养反硝化主要反应产物SO42-出水浓度低于250mg/L,异养反硝化副产物CH3OO-易成为二次污染源,异养反硝化的反硝化速率明显高于自养反硝化反应。     

高碳氮负荷下同时脱氮除碳好氧颗粒污泥研究

在4 L反应器中,以补加葡萄糖和硫酸铵的猪场废水为基质,不接种活性污泥,加入粉末状活性炭对废水土著微生物进行预固定.通过批次进水并控制运行条件（逐渐提高COD、NH 4＋-N负荷、缩短沉降时间、提高曝气量）培养同时脱氮除碳好氧颗粒污泥,研究了该好氧颗粒污泥的脱氮除碳功能及对高碳氮负荷冲击的响应.结果表明,成熟好氧颗粒污泥为土黄色不规则球状,粒径为0.5～3.5 mm.COD和NH 4＋-N负荷分别在4.80～12.6 kg.（m3.d）-1和0.217～0.503 kg.（m3.d）-1时,好氧颗粒污泥对COD的去除率〉94%,对NH 4＋-N的去除率〉98%.当COD和NH 4＋-N负荷分别提高至15.70 kg.（m3.d）-1和0.723kg.（m3.d）-1并运行4 d后,反应器内絮体激增,颗粒沉降变差并开始破碎,NH 4＋-N去除率下降至81.6%.排出部分污泥并降低负荷继续运行,颗粒污泥的NH 4＋-N去除率可迅速恢复至98%以上.本研究培养的好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的同时脱氮除碳功能,可以耐受高COD和NH 4＋-N负荷的双重冲击.     

九龙江河口区夏季反硝化作用初探

河口反硝化是削减入海河流氮污染的重要途径,为探明地处亚热带的九龙江河口混合区的反硝化作用,于2010年7月开展13个站位的面上调查,利用N2：Ar法和膜进样质谱分析仪（MIMS）直接测定反硝化产物溶解N2浓度,用吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定溶解N2O浓度,并估算二者净增量和水气交换通量.结果表明,溶解N2和N2O净增量有明显的区域变化,从淡水端向海域减少,N2净增量为-9.9～66.8μmol.L-1,N2O净增量为4.3～31.5 nmol.L-1;N2O饱和度为170%～562%,平均352%;N2水气通量为-2.9～53.2 mmol.（m2.d）-1,N2 O水气通量为5.2～23.9μmol.（m2.d）-1,N2 O通量占总通量的0.03%～1.2%（平均0.25%）.温度和营养盐（氮、磷）是影响九龙江河口区反硝化作用的重要因子;淡水端（盐度〈0.5）反硝化作用及其空间分布主要受硝酸盐含量控制,海水端溶解N2与N2O的增加主要来自淡水端的输送,并受盐度梯度（混合作用）影响.     

T型氧化沟工艺处理低碳源生活污水的效果研究

详细介绍了T型氧化沟工艺的特征,并考察研究了该工艺处理低碳源生活污水的长期运行效果。研究结果表明,工艺出水COD、BOD5、NH3-N、TN和TP年平均浓度分别为13.9、3.8、0.91、18.80和1.67 mg/L,去除率分别为88.99%、94.37%、96.74%、37.57%和41.58%,均能达到相应的排放标准。由于T型氧化沟中以好氧环境为主,缺乏厌氧和缺氧环境以及进水的BOD5/TN值低,工艺对有机物及NH3-N的去除效果较好,但TN和TP去除效果较低。提出了加强工艺脱氮除磷的措施,为同类型污水处理厂改造提供参考。     

长沙市某污水处理厂CASS工艺脱氮除磷效果分析

本课题以长沙市某污水处理厂的实际生产工艺流程为试验现场,全面考察了CASS工艺的工作性能,对CASS工艺处理生活污水进行试验研究,为工艺推广应用提供直接的设计依据。并在已有研究的基础上,重点考察在相同进水条件下,不同工艺对氮磷的处理效果,结果表明,四个CASS池对COD、TN、NH3-N、SS的去除率分别为96.6%、68.1%、84.4%、96.8%,均能达标排放,对TP的去除率为76.3%,超标率为69.3%,针对出水TP不达标的情况,主要讨论了影响除磷的因素并提出了改善措施。     

非离子表面活性剂对污泥调理脱水效果的影响

现有污泥脱水技术仅使污泥含水率降到80%左右,难以满足日益严格的污泥处置要求.以污泥比阻（SRF）、脱水率为考察指标,比较了两大类非离子型表面活性剂（辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚OPEO型和烷基糖苷APG）对剩余污泥的脱水效果,并对原泥及调理后污泥进行了显微观察.结果表明,非离子表面活性剂可使污泥絮体粒径变小,不规则程度降低,改善了污泥的脱水性能,而且烷基糖苷APG脱水效果优于OPEO型.APG投加量为0.05%干固体时,污泥比阻即可降低到原泥的42%,脱水率可达到93%.以烷基糖苷APG为调理剂进行板框脱水实验,结果表明,当APG投加量为0.05%干固体时,脱水泥饼含水率比原泥脱水泥饼含水率低约10%,脱水率可达到97%.本研究为APG应用于污泥脱水,改善污泥脱水性能提供一些参考.