Validation of an agricultural non-point source （AGNPS） pollution model for a catchment in the Jiulong River watershed, China

This study tested and evaluated the agricultural non-point source(AGNPS)model for the Wuchuan catchment, a typical agricultural area in the Jiulong River watershed, Fujian Province. China. The AGNPS model was calibrated and validated for the study area with observed data onten storms. Thedata on eight stormsin 2002 were used for calibration while data on two stormswere used for validation of the model. Considering the lack of water quality data over a long-term series, a novel method, comparing an internal nested catchment with its surrounding catchment, was used to supplement the less long-term series data. Dual calibration and validation of the AGNPS model was obtained by this comparison. The results indicate that the correlation coefficients were 0. 99 and 0. 98 for runoff, 0. 94 and 0. 95 forthe peak runoff rate of the large catchment and the small catchment, respectively, and 0. 76 forthe sediment of the small catchment only. Each pair of correlation coefficients is homogeneous for the same event for the two catchments. With the exception of the sediment yield and particulate phosphorus, the peak nmofr rate and other nutrients were well predicted. Sensitivity analysis showed that the Soil Conservation Service curve number and rainfall quantity were the most sensitive parameters, which resulted in high output variations. Erosivitv and other parameters had little influence on the hydrological and quality outputs.     

Arsenic speciation for the phytoremediation by the Chinese brake fern, Pteris vittata

Arsenic (As) speciation for the phytoremediation by the Chinese brake fern was studied. In particular, the mechanism of how plants induce compounds containing thiol (SH) and proteins by As exposure in terms of the relationship between As and phosphate uptaken into plant cells was examined. Pteris vittata callus could efficiently reduce As(V) to As(III) by the rapid introduction of reductase and synthesize thiols leading to phytochelatins production. Furthermore, Pteris vittata could control phosphate concentration in the cells corresponding to the concentration of arsenite and arsenate. To our best knowledge, this is the first report to show the mechanisms of such high As tolerance of Pteris vittata using their callus in terms of in vitro approach for the analysis of As speciation and metabolism route.     

Decomposition and phosphorus release from four di erent size fractions of Microcystis spp. taken from Lake Taihu, China

Decomposition of Microcystis is accompanied by the release of phosphorus, during bacteria play an important role. A series of experiments were undertaken to evaluate the e ect of bacteria on the decomposition of Microcystis taken from Lake Taihu, China, a lake that is su ering from dense Microcystis blooms. The 16 experiments involved four size fractions of colonial Microcystis with or without the addition of lake sediment and Gram-negative bacterial inhibitor NaN3. The highest decomposition rates were recorded for the smallest size Microcystis fraction (< 25 m) with the addition of the sediment. The lowest decomposition rates were recorded for the smallest Microcystis fraction without the sediment, but with the addition of Gram-negative bacterial inhibitor NaN3. The higher decomposition rates in the treatments with NaN3 and sediment suggest that Gram-positive bacteria in the sediment are important for the decomposition process. Additionally, higher concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) in the treatments with NaN3 suggest that more phosphorus accumulates in the Gram-negative bacterial cells around the colony, which may be an important source of phosphorus for Microcystis cells. In the no-sediment treatments, the ratios of TDP concentration to initial TP concentration were 64%–82%. The results of this experiment suggest that both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria play an important role in the decomposition of Microcystis cells and the release of phosphorus from Microcystis colonies.     

惠阳城区降雨径流重金属污染特征研究：Ⅰ.地表堆积物重金属含量分析

以惠阳城区为研究对象,选取4种具有代表性的典型城市功能区类型:工业区、商业区、住宅区、交通区,对其地表堆积物进行样品采集和实验分析.结果表明:地表堆积物细粒部分(粒径<149舯)所占比例为51%,粗粒部分(粒径>2 000um,)所占比例仅4.1%;重金属含量的粒径分级特性和质量分数相似,即粒径越细的部分重金属含量越高;Pb,Zn,Cu.Cr之间的相关系数较高;重金属的浸出浓度在不同的功能区基本遵循同样的规律,即细粒部分重金属浸出浓度最高,随粒径的增大浸出浓度逐减,细粒部分重金属的浸出浓度:w(Pb)为59.1 rag/kg/kg,w(Zn)为93.5 mg/kg,w(Cu)为37.7 ms/ks,w(Cr)为23.9 ms/kg,w(Cd)为0.07 mg,kg.     

不同降雨-径流过程中农业非点源污染研究

以大宁河流域为研究区域,应用SWAT模型进行了流域农业非点源污染负荷的模拟计算。利用巫溪水文站2000～2004年的实测日径流和泥沙数据进行模型的调参计算,验证结果表明模型适用于大宁河流域。利用验证后的模型分析了不同降雨-径流条件下非点源污染的产输出特性。结果表明:降雨量对径流污染负荷有较大的影响,年内丰水段,非点源污染物浓度峰值和径流峰值同步出现;年内平水段,泥沙浓度、有机氮浓度和径流峰值同步出现,硝酸盐浓度峰值滞后于径流峰值出现时间;年内枯水段,非点源污染物浓度滞后于径流峰值度出现时间;降雨—径流与污染物浓度之间存在着密切的线性相关关系。     

城市污水除磷技术研究——化学强化一级除磷与生物除磷

文章分析了使用化学强化一级除磷技术存在的主要问题,特别指出了化学絮凝剂在生产过程中存在的消耗人类有限资源及环境污染大等缺点,认为该种除磷方法不符合可持续发展的理念。生物除磷技术因操作方便及二次污染小等特点成为近年来国内外研究的热点。文章通过介绍生物除磷技术的微生物学、除磷效率等领域的研究进展,结合本课题组取得的部分结果,认为科研工作者应重视该技术的应用基础研究并在实际生产中加以推广应用。     

CAS-BT复合反应器除磷处理的试验研究

在CAST反应器中引入自制悬浮填料,构成了CAS-BT复合反应器,采用人工配制废水,对其除磷效果进行了试验研究。当进水TP为25mg/L左右时,经历了近80d时间的试验运行,TP的去除率高达99%左右,显示出CAS-BT工艺具有很强的除磷能力。试验发现:原水中含磷量越高聚磷微生物数量越多,系统聚磷能力越强。     

反硝化聚磷菌的富集及富集污泥活性研究

依据DPB原理,利用SBR动态反应器和静态释/聚磷装置。以A2/O厌氧段污泥为种泥,进行以硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌的富集,并对富集有反硝化聚磷菌的污泥进行了反硝化聚磷活性性能考察。结果表明,利用硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌存在于A2/O厌氧段污泥中,反硝化聚磷菌占总聚磷菌的比例为23%,该种污泥可作为反硝化聚磷工艺的种泥;由于常规的聚磷菌被淘汰聚磷菌的数量由6.8×107个/mL减少到1.1×103个/mL,但通过选择和富集聚磷菌总数由1.1×103个/mL增加到8.2×104个/mL,且反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌总数的比例也由23%提高到94%,磷酸盐去除率由最初的9.86%上升到95.2%,出水磷酸盐的浓度为0.79mg/L;通过改变进水中不同磷酸盐浓度验证体系处于稳定状态。     

水质总磷总氮在线自动监测技术的研究

通过优化国内外水质总氮总磷的手工和自动监测方法及设计参数,研究了基于紫外催化-过硫酸钾氧化分光光度法的在线监测技术,设计了紫外线加强氧化-消解反应器和20通道自动校准与自动进样集成控制系统。该技术与国家标准监测方法相比大大提高了总磷总氮氧化率和消解速度,实现了在较低温度和常压条件下水质总磷总氮的快速、安全和稳定的在线自动监测,具备了良好的市场推广应用前景。     

生态聚磷石对低浓度景观水的除磷研究

研究了新型填料水化硅酸钙对景观水中低浓度磷的去除效果。考察了反应时间、初始磷浓度、投加量对除磷率的影响,同时采用以水化硅酸钙为填料的滤床,研究其实际低浓度景观水中磷去除效果。结果表明,初始磷浓度为0.3mg/L的低浓度模拟水,在投加量为1500mg/L、反应时间为24h时,水化硅酸钙对模拟水中除磷率达到60%以上,针对浓度为0.50mg/L的实际景观水,投加量为800mg/L时,除磷率达到65.0%;动态试验中,水力停留时间为60min、初始磷浓度为0.15～0.3mg/L,运行8d后,过滤床除磷率保持在44%以上。