上海大气超细颗粒物和工业纳米颗粒的表征及细胞毒性的比较研究

采集了上海市石洞口地区2010年春季不同粒径大气颗粒物样品,使用ICP-AES和FESEM技术分析了颗粒物的化学组成和微观特征,比较了不同粒径的大气颗粒物与3种工业纳米颗粒物的生物活性.结果表明,在染毒剂量为25、50、100和200μg.mL-1时,大气颗粒物水溶组分和不溶组分及工业纳米颗粒均可以抑制A549细胞生长活性并能诱导细胞产生活性氧(ROS),且大气细颗粒水溶组分生物活性最强,在上述染毒剂量下对细胞生长活性的抑制率分别达到13.31%、18.15%、20.43%和23.78%.在纳米尺度的颗粒物染毒组分中,纳米NiO的生物活性最强,在上述染毒剂量下对细胞生长活性的抑制率分别达到11.81%、15.12%、17.62%和19.44%.因此,大气细颗粒物水溶组分是最主要的毒性成分.     

昆明湖水体悬浮颗粒物与有色可溶性有机物光谱吸收特性研究

基于2011年9月23日在北京颐和园昆明湖测量的10个采样点的水体各组分吸收系数光谱,分析了秋季昆明湖悬浮颗粒物、非藻类颗粒物、藻类颗粒物及有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的光谱吸收特性.结果表明,水体总吸收当中,藻类颗粒物贡献率最大,CDOM次之,非藻类颗粒物贡献率最低,这表明藻类颗粒物是秋季昆明湖水体中最主要的水体组分.秋季昆明湖南部藻类颗粒物吸收系数与叶绿素a浓度均大于北部,这可能是因为昆明湖水由北侧流入从南侧流出,且北京秋季盛行北风导致的.未发现CDOM与叶绿素a浓度间具有显著的相关关系,可能与藻类空间分布不均匀、并且受CDOM外源影响有关系.     

Uncovering results in electro-scrubbing process toward green methodology during environmental air pollutants removal

Present findings uncovered the electro-scrubbing process as a green methodology. This green methodology was assessed by an analysis of electrode dissolution into an electrolyte and acid fumes emission to the atmosphere. As an initial experiment oxidation effect of Co(II) by PbO₂ electrode revealed an enhanced oxidation efficiency of ∼20% compared to a Pt-coated Ti electrode. The mist concentration from the first scrubber test was approximately 30 times lower than that of the indoor air particles. In addition, molar mass of Co(II) and SEM analyses revealed no Co(II) or PbO₂ from the first scrubber. An analysis of the second scrubber showed no Co(II), PbO₂ or pH changes during a 24 h study confirming that no sulphuric acid escaped from the first scrubber or mediator containing electrolyte solution. This electro-scrubbing process was applied to the air pollutants removal process, in which a definite ratio between Co(III) and odor gases at given concentrations were identified. These results show that this electro-scrubber can maintain its initial concentration of Co(II) and H₂SO₄ by just adding water, and is become a highly sustainable and green methodology system without a loss of H₂SO₄ and Co catalysts to the environment.     

南京北郊冬春季大气能见度影响因子贡献研究

为研究南京北郊气象要素以及气溶胶对大气能见度的影响,利用2014年1~5月的能见度、相对湿度、温度、颗粒物浓度及其化学成分等观测数据,探讨了气溶胶不同化学组分对消光系数的贡献,提出了该地区能见度基于不同参数的拟合方案.结果表明,观测期间平均能见度为(5.78±3.64)km,能见度与相对湿度、PM_(2.5)存在明显的负相关,相关系数分别为-0.66、-0.48.冬季平均消光系数为(398.72±219.88)Mm~(-1),Organic、NH_4NO_3、(NH_4)_2SO_4和EC对消光的贡献率分别为38.81%、27.81%、23.95%和7.15%;春季平均消光系数为(248.36±78.42)Mm~(-1),Orgamic、NH_4NO_3、(NH_4)_2SO_4和EC对消光的贡献率分别为31.59%、24.36%、32.63%和8.64%.对比不同的能见度拟合方案时,基于颗粒物成分的能见度拟合方案优于基于散射系数的.不同相对湿度区间内PM_(2.5)对能见度的影响程度不同,基于PM_(2.5)、相对湿度和温度的能见度拟合方案说明:低相对湿度的条件下,PM_(2.5)对能见度的影响较大;随相对湿度增大,相对湿度成为更为重要的影响因子.     

降雨条件下岩溶泉水中悬浮颗粒物的运移特征及来源分析

降雨期是揭示岩溶地下水系统物质能量输入和输出的重要阶段.以重庆青木关地下河系统的出口姜家泉为例,监测了降雨条件下泉水中不同粒径悬浮颗粒物分布,辅助以水文地球化学手段,对岩溶地下水悬浮颗粒物的运移特征和来源进行了探讨.结果表明,在降雨初期,由于外源物质的输入,泉口渠道地表水中0～11μm悬浮颗粒物的数量急剧升高;而后当地下水主要靠岩溶裂隙水补给时,泉水中0～11μm悬浮颗粒物的数量升高,再悬浮作用占到主导地位;继而雨水补给整个流域地下水系统,稀释作用占主导地位时,泉水中0～4μm悬浮颗粒物的数量升高,地下水悬浮颗粒物为外源物质.由于研究区特定的水文地质条件和降雨强度,悬浮颗粒物的临界粒径为4μm,对于泉水是否受到微生物的污染可能有着重要的指示意义.     

离心机吊篮耳轴扭矩测试技术

在进行离心试验前,需要对离心机吊篮进行配平。对于大质量试验件,经常由于其质心位置尺寸不够准确,难以进行精确配平,当加速度载荷很大时,离心机吊篮耳轴会承受很大的不平衡扭矩。针对离心机吊篮转轴结构的特殊性,提出采用粘贴应变片、根据测点应变计算扭矩的测量方案,并进行了测量原理分析和试验验证。     

Seasonal variation and source apportionment of organic and inorganic compounds in PM2.5 and PM10 particulates in Beijing, China

The distribution and source of the solvent-extractable organic and inorganic components in PM 2.5(aerodynamics equivalent diameter below 2.5 microns),and PM 10(aerodynamics equivalent diameter below 10 microns) fractions of airborne particles were studied weekly from September 2006 to August 2007 in Beijing.The extracted organic and inorganic compounds identified in both particle size ranges consisted of n-alkanes,PAHs(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons),fatty acids and water soluble ions.The potential emission sources of these organic compounds were reconciled by combining the values of n-alkane carbon preference index(CPI),%waxC n,selected diagnostic ratios of PAHs and principal component analysis in both size ranges.The mean cumulative concentrations of n-alkanes reached 1128.65ng/m3 in Beijing,74% of which(i.e.,831.7ng/m3) was in the PM 2.5 fraction,PAHs reached 136.45ng/m3(113.44ng/m3 or 83% in PM 2.5),and fatty acids reached 436.99ng/m3(324.41ng/m3 or 74% in PM 2.5),which resulted in overall enrichment in the fine particles.The average concentrations of SO42-,NO3-,and NH4+ were 21.3±15.2,6.1±1.8,12.5±6.1μg/m3 in PM 2.5,and 25.8±15.5,8.9±2.6,16.9±9.5μg/m3 in PM 10,respectively.These three secondary ions primarily existed as ammonium sulfate((NH4)2SO4),ammonium bisulfate(NH4HSO4) and ammonium nitrate(NH4NO3).The characteristic ratios of PAHs revealed that the primary sources of PAHs were coal combustion,followed by gasoline combustion.The ratios of stearic/palmitic acid indicated the major contribution of vehicle emissions to fatty acids in airborne particles.The major alkane sources were biogenic sources and fossil fuel combustion.The major sources of PAHs were vehicular emission and coal combustion.     

腐殖酸絮凝体形成过程中初期搅拌条件对其形态结构的影响

以腐殖酸为研究对象,采用硫酸铝为混凝剂进行混凝杯罐实验,借助PDA在线监测系统、图像解析法及粒子图像测速技术分析评价絮凝体的构造特征,着重探讨了混凝过程中初期快速搅拌条件对絮凝体形态结构的影响.结果表明,快速搅拌条件对腐殖酸絮凝体的形成过程及形态结构有着显著影响.最佳快速搅拌条件为:搅拌历时l min,搅拌强度300 r·min-,此时形成的絮凝体结构密实,抗剪切能力强,整体性能最优,絮凝体分形维数、强度及平均粒径分别为1.8842、0.164 N·m-2、0.43 mm.腐殖酸絮凝体的形成包括不溶性微粒的产生及初期颗粒的形成与结合等过程,其中,不溶性微粒的形成及初期颗粒的致密化过程是决定最终絮凝体形态构造的重要环节,而快速搅拌条件影响着混凝剂扩散混合效果和初期颗粒的形成速率与致密化程度,这也是初期快速搅拌条件对于腐殖酸混凝过程有显著影响的一个重要因素.     

不同水期洞庭湖水体中磷分布特征及影响因素

为研究不同水期洞庭湖水体中磷的分布特征及影响因素,分别于2016年1～12月对洞庭湖湖区及其入湖河流共18个代表性监测断面采集水样,分析了样品中各形态磷质量浓度.结果表明,总体上,洞庭湖水体中总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(DTP)和磷酸盐(DPO)均表现为平水期枯水期丰水期,具有明显的季节性变化特征.空间分布上,枯、平水期湖区水体磷质量浓度由西向东增加,丰水期由西向东减少.时间分布上,东、西洞庭湖和出湖口水体中各形态磷质量浓度季节性分布差异明显,西洞庭湖表现为丰水期大于枯、平水期,东洞庭湖和出湖口表现为枯、平水期大于丰水期.形态组成上,与三峡水库蓄水前不同,洞庭湖湖区及其入湖河流水体中磷以溶解态为主,DTP是TP的主要形态,DPO是DTP的主要形态.洞庭湖水体中悬浮颗粒(SS)和磷的分布有一定的协同性,各水期SS和磷质量浓度呈显著或极显著相关关系,因此认为SS是洞庭湖水体中磷季节性变化的重要影响因素.另外,南嘴断面、大小西湖断面、东洞庭湖湖区等区域受周边人类活动影响造成的水体磷污染较重,应引起高度重视.     

A preliminary study on pollution characteristics of surfactant substances in fine particles in the Beibu Gulf Region of China

The pollution characteristics of surfactant substances in fine particles (PM_2.5) in spring were studied in the Beibu Gulf Region of China, 68 samples of PM_2.5 were collected at Weizhou Island in Beihai City from March 12 to April 17, 2015. The Anionic Surfactant Substances (ASS) and Cationic Surfactant Substances (CSS) in the samples were analyzed using Byethyl Violet Spectrophotometry and Disulfide Blue Spectrophotometry, respectively. Combined with the data from backward trajectory simulation, the effects of air pollutants from remote transport on the pollution characteristics of surfactant substances in PM_2.5 in the Beibu Gulf Region were analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the daily mean concentrations of ASS and CSS in spring in the Beibu Gulf Region were 165.20 pmol/m³ and 8.05pmol/m³, and the variation ranges were 23.21–452.55 pmol/m³ and 0.65–31.31 pmol/m³, accounting for 1.82‰ ± 1.65‰ and 0.12‰ ± 0.11‰ of the mass concentration of PM_2.5, respectively. These concentrations were lower than those in comparable regions around the world. There was no clear correlation between the concentrations of ASS and CSS in PM_2.5 and the mass concentrations of PM_2.5. Tourism and air transport had a positive contribution on the concentrations of ASS. The concentration of surfactant substances in PM_2.5 was significantly impacted by wind speed and wind direction. Atmospheric temperature, air pressure and precipitation had little effect on the concentrations of surfactant substances. Surfactant substances in PM_2.5 significantly impacted visibility. Results also showed that the main sources of surfactant substances were from the southern China and Southeast Asia.