Association patterns among wild chimpanzees (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii</Emphasis>) reflect sex differences in cooperation

Theory predicts that frequent dyadic association should promote cooperation through kin selection or social tolerance. Here we test the hypothesis that sex differences in the strength and stability of association preferences among free-ranging chimpanzees conform to sex differences in cooperative behavior. Using long-term data from the Kanyawara chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) community (Kibale National Park, Uganda), we calculated indices of intra-sexual dyadic association over a 10-year period. We found that (1) male–male dyads had significantly stronger association indices than female–female dyads, (2) the pattern of association preferences in both sexes changed little over the entire study period, and (3) when comparing periods with different alpha males, changes in association strength were more frequent among males. These results demonstrate that both the strength and stability of association patterns are important components of social relationships. Male chimpanzees, which are characterized by frequent cooperation, had association preferences that were both strong and stable, suggesting that forming long-term bonds is an important dominance strategy. However, the fact that male association patterns were sensitive to upheaval in the male dominance hierarchy suggests that males also take advantage of a changing social climate when choosing association partners. By contrast, the overall strength of female associations was relatively weak. Female association preferences were equally stable as males’; however, this reflected a dyad’s tendency to be found in the same party rather than to associate closely within that party. Therefore, in this community, female association patterns appear to be more a consequence of individual ranging behavior rather than a correlate of cooperation.     

北京夏季典型天气TSP组成和来源对比

于2005年7月选择分别受北方冷空气、海上高压和地方性山谷风影响的3个天气过程条件下,在北京市区和郊区采集了23个大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,并采用扫描电镜-X射线能谱技术,根据单颗粒尺度、形貌、特征化学组成解析出各类源对颗粒数浓度的贡献.结果发现:有机/碳质颗粒(占总颗粒数的31.3%,下同)和矿物颗粒(占29.5%)为优势种类,二次源颗粒占10.6%,燃煤飞灰占7.2%,燃煤、机动车排放和建筑施工产生的3类颗粒占4.1%～6.5%.3种天气下颗粒组成特征鲜明,来源差别明显:①冷空气影响下空气质量最好,TSP样品中粒径小于1.0 μm和大于5.0 μm颗粒较多,一次源处于绝对主导地位(占90%);②海上高压控制天气下,粒径为1.0～2.5 μm的颗粒大幅度增加,有大量的次生粒子生成(占10%～20%);③地方性天气中颗粒质量浓度偏高,粒径小于1.0 μm和1.0～2.5 μm颗粒所占比例均较高,但有机/碳质颗粒比例减少, 其他次要种类颗粒增多.市区人为源颗粒的种类最多,对郊区影响明显.      

典型时段区域污染过程分析及系统聚类法的应用

应用系统聚类法对2008年12月4─17日全国86个城市由空气污染指数(API)反算的ρ(PM₁₀₎进行聚类分析.结果表明:86个城市可以分为7个分区;根据ρ(PM₁₀₎的区域同步性特征及实况天气背景分析对7个分区进行了调整. 在12月4─17日的区域污染过程中,华北和华东2个地区为全国ρ(PM₁₀₎的高值区. 对华北和华东地区城市群ρ(PM₁₀₎的区域环境过程同步演变特征进行了对比分析,并根据天气型演变规律对形成原因进行了研究,建立了城市及区域环境污染过程与天气型背景的关系概念模型,揭示出天气型组合系统、分布、尺度、移动和演变是造成大气环境质量区域性、过程性特征和ρ(PM₁₀₎峰谷值出现的主要原因. 用聚类分析方法和所提出的概念模型可对我国城市和区域环境污染分区控制和成因进行深入研究.      

Spatial Patterns of Macrobenthic Communities in Shallow-Water Tidal Embayments and Their Association with Environmental Factors

This study examines the distribution, composition, and structure of benthic communities in nine shallow-water semienclosed embayments on Cape Cod, southeastern Massachusetts. The spatial patterns were used to associate benthic characteristics with local environmental factors. Field data from multiple years were collected to measure macrofaunal abundance, community composition, and environmental characteristics. Multivariate statistics were used to analyze the spatial variations of species composition and the abundance of benthic macrofauna. Canonical ordination, specifically redundancy analysis, was used to determine the relative importance of the environmental factors (nutrients and habitat factors) being studied. The analyses demonstrate that the benthic communities in the shallow tidal embayments are clearly clustered in association with the local environments. Species composition and community structure of the benthic macrofauna are significantly correlated with water column parameters, especially with phytoplankton biomass, total nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen.     

基于城市空间溢出的远郊型乡镇开发模式研究

在城市空间溢出理论的指导下,以我国在2007年设立的国家级统筹城乡综合配套改革试验区重庆市为例,选取重庆市的远郊型城镇江北区五宝镇为研究区域,探讨旨在促进大城市周边的远郊型城镇与城区功能协调、互惠多赢的开发模式。首先,以鲜菜类和休闲度假类消费需求为例,对重庆市主城区城市居民消费需求的空间溢出展开调研;然后,从区位交通、资源基础、生态环境和开发现状等方面分析和判断五宝镇是否具备承接主城区溢出消费需求的条件,并设计了基于城市空间溢出的开发模式;最后,从经济效益、社会效益和生态效益等方面,对远郊型乡镇的传统开发模式和基于城市空间溢出的开发模式进行了综合效益比较。主要结论为:①重庆市主城区对其外部空间的土地、生物、景观和环境等要素存在着显著的溢出消费需求;②以城市溢出消费需求为导向,以协调城乡功能为目标,发挥自身的资源优势,将绿色农业与休闲经济有机结合是此类远郊型乡镇开发的最佳模式。     

长江上游中小洪水天气学机理分析及致洪特征

基于1981~2012年长江上游128个中小洪水历史个例及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用普查及天气学分型方法,建立了纬向型、经向型、偏东气流型以及两高之间型4种致洪降水天气学概念模型,研究了各天气型致洪降水发生机理及相应中小洪水特征。得到以下结论:纬向型中高纬环流相对平直多波动,伴有明显冷平流南下,地面锋面位置略偏北。该类型强降水过程多,强度大,持续时间长,对应中小洪水多为双峰或多峰型,平均洪峰流量、过程增幅最强,洪水过程时间也最长。经向型环流中高纬贝加尔湖和东北地区为深厚低槽,中低层常伴有暖式切变线或低涡发展,中上层急流出口处的辐散以及冷平流四类型中最强。该类型雨带多呈东北-西南走向,中小洪水一般以单峰为主,其洪峰流量及过程增幅均较大,造成的洪水涨水较快,过程时间最短。纬向和经向型均为全流域降水型,但在金沙江北部、岷沱江、嘉陵江以及宜宾-宜昌常出现较高频次的60 mm以上较强面雨量。偏东气流型副高与热带气旋外围环流汇合北进,其强降水前后冷暖平流变化不明显,受地形强迫抬升影响,最易产生准静止型、团状、突发性强降水。该类型中小洪水以单峰为主,涨水快,洪峰流量及过程增幅均最小,强降水主要分布在嘉陵江和岷沱江两大流域。两高之间型多为"鞍"型场的环流配置,青藏高压与副高在流域上空形成南北向切变线,其动力和水汽条件均较弱。该类型降水强度较弱,稳定少动,累积降水量较大,洪水以单峰为主,双峰偶有发生,其洪峰流量、过程增幅均较大,洪水过程时间较长,强降水多位于岷沱江、嘉陵江和宜宾-重庆中部流域。     

我国沙区防沙治沙的区域模式

回顾了我国防沙治沙的经验和成就,论述了目前防沙治沙工作存在的不足,提出了今后防沙治沙应遵循的生态建设原则,即：水分平衡原则、景观和生物多样性原则、沙区土地利用的优化配置原则、防沙治沙“以保为主,先保后治”原则以及治沙与治穷并重的原则。根据不同的自然地理条件和社会神经发展水平,将我国沙区划分为４类防沙治沙区域生态建设和产业发展模式,它们分别是首都圈模式,农牧交错带模式,草原区模式和荒漠绿洲模式。对沙     

Congener-specific egg contribution of polychlorinated biphenyls to nestlings in two passerine species

Quantifying polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) residues in nestlings of avian species is a common method for assessing trophic transfer and risk at PCB-contaminated sites. The proportion of nestling PCB mass due to maternal transfer is often accounted for by subtracting total PCB mass in eggs from nestlings. However, variation in physicochemical properties and metabolism among congeners may lead to differences between egg contribution based on total PCBs and dioxin-like congeners. We examined congener-specific variation in contribution of PCBs from eggs to nestlings in tree swallows and European starlings. Egg contribution of total PCB mass was 14.3 and 16.2%, respectively, whereas contribution based on dioxin-like congeners was 14.8 and 13.6%, respectively. These data suggest that using total PCB mass in eggs to adjust estimates of PCB accumulation in nestlings may not reflect patterns for dioxin-like congeners, potentially over or under-estimating the risk of toxicity of PCBs.     

Norm Stability in Jirisan National Park: Effects of Time,Existing Conditions,and Background Characteristics

Norm stability is an important issue to consider in using the normative approach as a component of resource management decision making. This study examines three major questions related to norm stability: (1) Do norms change over time? (2) Do existing conditions affect norms? (3) Do background characteristics and visitation patterns affect norms? Data used in this study were collected at a campground in the Jirisan National Park (JNP) of Korea in 1993, 1994, and 2003. A total of 396 subjects were used for the study (120 for 1993, 106 for 1994, and 170 for 2003). Changes in the standards for “quiet time” and “seeing others littering” were statistically significant, but there was no change in the standard for “number of other tents.” There was little change in norm agreement or norm prevalence. Existing conditions were strongly correlated with standards for number of other tents but results were mixed for the other two indicators. Users’ demographic characteristics and visitation patterns were not generally related to norms. Findings of the study are discussed.     

An ergonomics study on wrist posture when using laparoscopic tools in four techniques in minimally invasive surgery

Purpose. With reference to four minimally invasive surgery (MIS) cholecystectomies, the aims were (a) to recognize the factors influencing dominant wrist postures manifested by the surgeon; (b) to detect risk factors involved in maintaining deviated wrist postures; (c) to compare the wrist postures of surgeons while using laparoscopic tools. Methods. Video films were recorded during live surgeries. The films were synchronized with wrist joint angles obtained from wireless electrogoniometers placed on the surgeon's hand. The analysis was conducted for five laparoscopic tools used during all surgical techniques. Results. The most common wrist posture was extension. In the case of one laparoscopic tool, the mean values defining extended wrist posture were distinct in all four surgical techniques. For one type of surgical technique, considered the most beneficial for patients, more extreme postures were noticed regarding all laparoscopic tools. We recognized a new factor, apart from the tool's handle design, that influences extreme and deviated wrist postures. It involves three areas of task specification including the type of action, type of motion patterns and motion dynamism. Conclusions. The outcomes proved that the surgical technique which is best for the patient imposes the greatest strain on the surgeon's wrist.?