Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

我国陆域水体系统表层水中微塑料生态风险评估

针对我国陆域水体系统表层水微塑料（MPs）生态风险问题,通过Science Direct和Web of Science等网站查询关键词microplastics、urban和river等获取相关文献及数据,从2017~2021年的研究,覆盖15个省份33个水体,并基于MPs丰度、聚合物占比和化学危害数据构建了生态风险表征比率（RCR）的评价方法.结果表明,我国自然水体的MPs丰度平均值为（3604.2±5926.4） n ·m^-3,城市水体中MPs丰度平均值为（7722.6±9505.7） n ·m^-3;相应的,自然水体的RCR平均值为22.09±45.2,城市水体RCR平均值为15.67±34.8.因此,根据RCR的值将生态风险程度划分为4个等级.其中,无显著风险（≤1）有17个,占42.5%;低生态风险（1~10）有12个,占30%、中生态风险（10~100）有9个,占22.5%;高生态风险（>100）有2个,占5%.数据分析显示,自然水体的MPs丰度与RCR值（R²=0.875,P<0.01）存在显著的相关性,但在城市水体的MPs丰度与RCR值间不存在显著的相关性.这表明MPs的丰度高并不能说明该地区的生态风险程度高.此外,各地的RCR值与流域面积呈正相关（R²=0.864,P<0.01）,同时,MPs丰度与GDP （R²=0.679,P<0.05）、流域常住人口（R²=0.922,P<0.05）呈显著相关性.这项研究为评估MPs的生态风险提供了基线数据,是陆域水体系统表层水MPs生态风险评价的重要方式.     

千岛湖流域杭州段人类活动净氮、净磷输入时空分布

为探究人类活动对流域氮磷输入的影响,基于人类活动净氮、净磷输入模型（NANI、NAPI）,分析了2008~2017年千岛湖流域杭州段氮磷输入的时空变化特征及驱动因素.结果表明：年际NANI值呈上升的趋势,10a平均值为2230kg/（km²·a）;年际NAPI值呈先上升后持续下降趋势（峰值出现在2011年）.各子单元空间差异性较为显著,NANI、NAPI值均呈西高东低、南高北低的分布特征.NANI主要输入组分年际间差异显著,2008~2014年NANI的最大贡献源为氮肥施用（37.3%~39.9%）,2015~2017年最大贡献源则为大气氮沉降（36.4%~38.4%）;NAPI主要输入组分年际间较为一致,最大贡献源为人类食品和动物饲料磷输入（44.1%~48.1%）,其次为磷肥施用（40.3%~43.4%）.影响因子中,农作物种植强度与NANI、NAPI的相关性最显著,分别为0.851和0.806.各子单元NANI、NAPI与入湖TN、TP负荷强度显著相关,NANI变化可解释其63.9%的河流TN负荷变化,NAPI变化可解释其73.3%的河流TP负荷变化.因此,千岛湖流域杭州段面源污染实际管控中应重点关注NANI、NAPI值较高的汾口镇、威坪镇及浪川乡,加强氮磷化肥污染防治,实行污染控源减排策略.     

区域尺度生态保护红线划定——以京津冀地区为例

将京津冀地区作为一个整体,采用遥感和GIS技术,选取水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙3类生态系统服务以及土地沙化、水土流失2类典型生态问题,建立评价指标和评价模型,开展区域生态系统服务重要性和生态敏感性评价,定量揭示京津冀地区生态系统服务重要性和生态敏感性的空间分布特征;利用全国第二次土地调查数据明确的地块边界,确定生态保护红线边界.结果显示,京津冀地区生态保护红线面积6.68万km²,占研究区总面积的30.9%,主要分布在北部燕山山地、西部太行山山地和冀北坝上高原等区域;生态保护红线范围内的森林、草地二者面积比例比红线外高55.7%,红线范围内的植被NPP平均值比红线外高23.5%,划定结果符合“以较小面积获取较大服务”原则,适于作为京津冀地区最重要、最需要严格管控的生态空间.     

基于ISM-AHP的建筑施工企业安全投入结构优化研究

建筑施工企业在安全资金的投入和使用上都存在不合理的现象,为提高企业的安全管理水平,确保安全投入高效性,有必要对建筑施工企业的安全投入结构进行优化.通过调查问卷的形式调研65个建筑施工项目的安全管理人员,筛选出主要安全投入要素.然后运用解释结构模型(ISM)结合层次分析法(AHP)构建安全投入结构优化模型.并且,根据调查...     

Integration of Remote Sensed and In-situ Data in an Analysis of the Air Pollution Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems in the Border Areas between Norway and Russia

Transboundary air pollution from industries in Nikel and Zapolyarnij has caused severe damage to the environment in Southern-Varanger in Norway and in Pechenga municipality in Russia. The work presented in this paper focuses on the integration of in-situ air pollution data with remote sensing based land cover maps. Land cover maps have been utilised to detect changes in the major land cover types within the area. The major change in the environment was the decrease of the sensitive lichen-dominated land cover types, and the increase of bilberry-dominated land cover types and finally the increase of the land cover types with the greatest air pollution stress (industrial barren, barren, and partly damaged vegetation, defoliated forests, lichen removal). A GIS based method for assessing the relationship of the remotely sensed land cover maps with the environmental condition parameters was developed and applied. By comparing the results from this analysis we observed that the land cover types with the greatest stress had the largest concentrations of SO₂ in the ground air layer, while the land cover types with minor damage (the remaining lichen-dominated vegetation) had rather low concentrations of sulphur dioxide in the ground air layer. The area of the land cover types with the greatest stress (industrial barren, barren and partly damaged vegetation) has increased in the period 1973–1988, and the degradation is carried out in a such manner that sensitive mountain and lichen vegetation formations have been transformed into a more barren-like environment. The increase in the emissions has also transferred the natural barrens which also consisted of some sparse vegetation into a complete barren with little vegetation left. Also the epilitic lichens and mosses on bare rocks and stones were also removed by the high concentrations of SO₂. The land cover types with minor damage (with the remaining lichen-dominated vegetation) had rather low concentrations of the contaminants (SO₂, Ni and S), while the partly damaged and damaged land cover types had the highest concentrations of the contaminants. An exception was the Ni and S concentrations found in class 11 Industrial barrens which were lower than expected. Associations between the degradation and the SO₂ concentration in the air were also documented. The conclusion from this analysis is that the in-situ data support the observations of damaged vegetation and industrial barrens imaged by the Landsat satellites, especially in the surroundings of Nikel and Zapolyarnij.     

营养物质输入对赤潮发生的影响

以国内外7个典型海湾为例,分析了营养物质输入对赤潮发生的影响。结果表明,陆源污染物排人及海水养殖业自身污染是是近岸海域营养物质输入的主要来源。水体富营养化的不断加剧是赤潮频发的重要原因,而富营养化程度降低的海域发生赤潮的风险也会下降,营养盐比例的改变是浮游植物种类的重要控制因子。     

基于地理探测器的中国陆地生态系统土壤有机碳空间异质性影响因子分析

中国陆地生态系统土壤有机碳库对全球生态系统碳平衡具有显著影响.为揭示土壤碳库空间分布的潜在主控因子并为今后建立碳库空间分布模型提供依据,利用地理探测器对中国陆地生态系统表层土壤(0—20 cm)有机碳密度的影响因子(气温、降水量、DEM、NDVI、陆地生态系统类型、人口密度)进行空间分异性探测和定量归因.结果表明:自然...     

三峡水库主要入库河流氮营养盐特征及其来源分析

以2004～2005年的三峡水库3条主要入库河流(长江、嘉陵江、乌江)中的水文、水质的调查数据为依据,研究了三峡水库入库河流中主要的水文变化特征、氮营养盐的季节性分布规律及其形态组成.结果表明,3条入库河流的流量、流速呈现季节性变化,三峡水库入库河流的主要水文特征值已处于水华暴发的危险范围内,很容易发生水华.3条入库河流中总氮含量年均值都在1.55～2.15 mg/L之间,总体偏高,乌江武隆断面的总氮浓度最高,嘉陵江北碚断面次之,长江朱沱断面最低,并且3条河流丰水期水体中总氮含量均高于枯水期,说明非点源对氮污染影响较大;溶解态无机氮(DIN)是总氮的主要存在形式,而其中又以硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)为主,平均占到DIN的70%以上.氮素污染多以还原态氨氮(NH4 -N)的形式排入水体,经过硝化作用,NH4 -N氧化成亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N),然后再氧化成稳定的NO3--N,并且消耗掉水体中大量的氧.入库河流水体中的NO3--N主要来自农田径流、城市污水、城市径流以及淹没土壤的释放,NH4 -N的来源主要是城市污水、工业废水以及少量的生活垃圾和船舶废水.     

公众投诉、环境规制对工业技术创新的影响研究

在碳达峰碳中和背景下,工业如何实现环保、科技与经济的共同进步已成为中国亟待解决的难题。本文基于中国工业2008—2018年的省级面板数据,建立动态面板模型,采用系统广义矩（GMM）估计方法,对现代环境治理体系中公众投诉、环境规制及工业技术创新三者的关系进行了探讨。结果表明：①公众投诉、环境规制成为直接推动工业技术创新产出的重要因素;②环境规制在公众投诉影响工业技术创新产出的过程中发挥着部分中介作用;③产业集聚强化了公众投诉对工业技术创新的促进作用。因此,完善公众投诉制度、提升公众环保意识、加强环境规制强度、优化政策支持及提升产业集聚程度,对于工业实现经济绩效与环境绩效的双赢具有重要意义。