氧化石墨烯-多壁碳纳米管低压膜抗污染性能研究

为提高碳纳米材料低压膜污染的可恢复性和强化其灭菌效果,本研究将氧化石墨烯(Graphene oxide,GO)与聚乙二醇(Polyethylene glycol,PEG)非共价改性后的多壁碳纳米管(Multi-walled carbon nanotube,MWCNT)以两种结构形式(共混式/嵌入式)负载到0.45 μm聚醚砜片式膜表面,制备了共混式/嵌入式GO-MWCNT低压膜.进而研究了GO-MWCNT不同结构形式对处理典型污染物(牛血清蛋白、腐殖酸、海藻酸钠)过程中膜污染情况的影响.实验结果显示,MWCNT中GO的添加,可使碳纳米材料膜孔径分布更集中,纯水通量在2.011 L·m^-2·h^-1·kPa^-1以上,属于低压膜的运行范围.在处理小尺寸牛血清蛋白的膜滤过程中,采用共混结构(M系列)的GO-MWCNT膜,缓解污染效果优于顶层嵌入结构(I系列);在处理较大尺寸的腐殖酸、海藻酸钠的膜滤过程中,采用顶层嵌入结构(I系列)的GO-MWCNT膜,缓解污染效果优于共混结构(M系列).GO的添加使得碳纳米材料低压膜的抗蛋白质黏附性能得到有效提高,在保证膜表面粗糙度不会大幅度提高的前提下,添加0.2 mg GO的抗蛋白黏附效果优于添加0.5 mg GO.共混式/嵌入式GO-MWCNT膜均可以充分发挥GO边缘切割杀菌作用,GO投加量与灭菌性能呈正相关.其中,共混结构(M系列)的GO-MWCNT膜灭菌效果优于顶层嵌入结构(I系列).     

不同铁氧化物对小麦幼苗镉积累的影响

小麦富镉（Cd）问题受到广泛关注,铁氧化物具备降镉潜力.通过盆栽小麦幼苗实验,分析了三氧化二铁（Fe₂O₃）、氢氧化铁[Fe（OH）₃]及拜耳法赤泥（B-RM）3种铁氧化物的降镉能力.结果显示3种铁氧化物中,Fe（OH）₃可显著降低小麦幼苗茎叶Cd含量,与对照相比降幅为16.3%~27.7%,投加量为0.5%时降Cd效果最优.Fe（OH）₃能够显著降低小麦幼苗根部向茎叶的Cd转运,投加量为10%时富集系数及转运系数最低.小麦幼苗根际土壤Fe/Cd、Cu/Cd及Zn/Cd是影响小麦幼苗茎叶Cd积累的关键因子,当Fe/Cd>25000、Cu/Cd > 50或Zn/Cd > 100时,根际土壤元素比与茎叶镉含量呈显著负相关.该比值的确定对于大田应用中钝化剂材料投加量的确定具有指导意义.     

Hydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic graphene oxide membrane intercalated by TiO2 nanotubes for oil/water separation

GO/TiO₂ membrane was prepared by assembling GO nanosheets and TiO₂ nanotubes. The intercalation of TiO₂ nanotubes enlarged the space of GO interlayers and modified the surface morphology. Hydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic property of GO/TiO₂ membrane was obtained. Water permeability, hydrophilicity, oleophobicity and antifouling ability of GO-based membrane were all enhanced by intercalating TiO₂ nontubes. Membrane technology for oil/water separation has received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, the hydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic membrane with enhanced water permeability and antifouling ability were fabricated by synergistically assembling graphene oxide(GO) nanosheets and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanotubes for oil/water separation. GO/TiO₂ membrane exhibits hydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic properties with water contact angle of 62° and under water oil contact angle of 162.8°. GO/TiO₂ membrane shows greater water permeability with the water flux up to 531 L/(m²·h·bar), which was more than 5 times that of the pristine GO membrane. Moreover, GO/TiO₂membrane had excellent oil/water separation efficiency and anti-oil-fouling capability, as oil residual in filtrate after separation was below 5 mg/L and flux recovery ratios were over 80%.The results indicate that the intercalation of TiO₂ nanotubes into adjacent GO nanosheets enlarged the channel structure and modified surface topography of the obtained GO/TiO₂ membranes, which improved the hydrophilicity, permeability and anti-oil-fouling ability of the membranes, enlightening the great prospects of GO/TiO₂ membrane in oil-water treatment.     

钛白废水中硫酸盐生物还原影响因素的研究

在厌氧序批式反应器中,采用硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)对钛白废水中硫酸盐生物还原的影响因素及厌氧序批式反应器的运行条件进行了研究。研究结果表明,模拟废水的SO24-去除效果比实际钛白废水的SO24-去除效果好。SRB还原实际钛白废水中SO24-的最佳运行条件为:进水SO24-质量浓度不超过2000m g/L、反应温度(35±1)℃、pH6.5~8.0、CODρ/(SO24-)2.0~3.0、HRT24h、反应器运行周期8h(进水0.5h,反应6.0h,沉淀1.0h,出水0.5h)、循环间歇搅拌(搅拌1.5h,搅拌停止2.0h)方式。在此条件下SO24-去除率可达90%。     

Reductive decomposition of waste gypsum with SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>, Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>, and Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> additives

From the point of view of a sustainable and environment-friendly society based on the recycling of material resources, it is preferable to utilize waste gypsum as a substitute for lime, which is currently produced by the calcination of limestone. In the present work, the reductive decomposition of CaSO₄ was investigated under an atmosphere of CO: 2 vol%, CO₂: 30 vol%, with N₂ as a carrier gas without and with the addition of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, or Fe₂O₃. It was found that the decomposition temperature of CaSO₄ was significantly reduced from 1673 K to 1223 K when only 5 wt% Fe₂O₃ was added to CaSO₄. In the case of the addition of SiO₂ or Al₂O₃ to CaSO₄, the decomposition temperature was reduced from 1673 K to 1623 K. This was due to the formation of composite oxides (calcium ferrite, calcium silicate, or calcium aluminate) during the reaction of CaSO₄ with the additives at a lower temperature. In addition, the formation of unfavorable product CaS was inhibited in the presence of 5 wt% Fe₂O₃, and this inhibition effect further increased as the addition of Fe₂O₃ was increased. In contrast, no significant effect on the inhibition of CaS formation was observed on the addition of SiO₂ or Al₂O₃.     

催化氧化法去除烟气中NOx的研究进展

针对烟气中NOx的特点,从催化机理、催化活性和抗硫性能等角度分析了分子筛、活性炭、金属氧化物和贵金属等不同类型催化剂催化氧化NO的特点及存在的问题,指出：在保证NOx氧化度为50%~60%的前提下,降低催化反应的反应温度（低于200℃）和提高催化剂的抗硫性及抗水中毒性仍是今后研究的主攻方向;在活性组分方面应将Mn,Co,Cu,Cr,V等过渡金属氧化物作为研究重点,应选择酸性较强的或不易硫酸盐化的T iO2,S iO2等作为催化剂载体。     

新疆机动车尾气中NOx排放特征分析及治理途径探讨

随着经济的快速发展和人民生活水平的提高,机动车保有量快速增长,城市中机动车尾气污染也日益突出,为更有效的控制机动车尾气污染,文章重点分析介绍了我区城市中机动车尾气中氮氧化物排放特征,并提出了控制对策和建议.     

Estimation of Nitrous Oxide Emissions from US Grasslands

2 O) emissions from temperate grasslands are poorly quantified and may be an important part of the atmospheric N₂O budget. In this study N₂O emissions were simulated for 1052 grassland sites in the United States using the NGAS model of Parton and others (1996) coupled with an organic matter decomposition model. N₂O flux was calculated for each site using soil and land use data obtained from the National Resource Inventory (NRI) database and weather data obtained from NASA. The estimates were regionalized based upon temperature and moisture isotherms. Annual N₂O emissions for each region were based on the grassland area of each region and the mean estimated annual N₂O flux from NRI grassland sites in the region. The regional fluxes ranged from 0.18 to 1.02 kg N₂O N/ha/yr with the mean flux for all regions being 0.28 kg N₂O N/ha/yr. Even though fluxes from the western regions were relatively low, these regions made the largest contribution to total emissions due to their large grassland area. Total US grassland N₂O emissions were estimated to be about 67 Gg N₂O N/yr. Emissions from the Great Plains states, which contain the largest expanse of natural grassland in the United States, were estimated to average 0.24 kg N₂O N/ha/yr. Using the annual flux estimate for the temperate Great Plains, we estimate that temperate grasslands worldwide may potentially produce 0.27 Tg N₂O N/yr. Even though our estimate for global temperate grassland N₂O emissions is less than published estimates for other major temperate and tropical biomes, our results indicate that temperate grasslands are a significant part of both United States and global atmospheric N₂O budgets. This study demonstrates the utility of models for regional N₂O flux estimation although additional data from carefully designed field studies is needed to further validate model results.     

间接碘法测定氮氧化物的氧化度

在测定工业排放废气中氮氧化物的氧化度时,以间接碘法测定氮氧化物废气中的二氧化氮浓度,同时以中和滴定法测定氮氧化物浓度,从而计算氮氧化物的氧化度。氧化度测定的变异系数为4％以下。     

二氧化钛光催化降解处理染料废水

研究了TiO2的添加量，粒径大小，作用时间对3种染料废水脱色率的影响及TiO2薄膜对染料废水的处理效果。对于汽巴克染绿和直接大红染料溶液，适宜的TiO2添加量均为5g/L，紫外灯照射60min，其脱色率大于85％。对于阳离子红染料溶液，适宜的TiO2添加量为3g/L，其脱色率为83．5％。粒径小的TiO2作用效果优于粒径大的效果。在室温和适宜的TiO2添加量的条件下，随照射时间的延长，太阳光的光催化降解效果渐渐接近于紫外光的光催化降解效果。将TiO2薄膜固定在陶瓷睛上，有利于TiO2的重复使用。