固定相光催化氧化技术的研究与进展

叙述了近年来国内外固定相光催化氧化技术的研究成果，讨论了光催化氧化技术的机理和动力学规律、催化剂载体及催化剂固定方法、影响因素等，并对固定相光催化氧化技术的发展方向进行了探讨。     

负载型二氧化钛光催化降解苯胺

以紫外灯为光湖，在圆柱型光反应器中，负载在镍网上的ＴｉＯ２为催化剂，研究了水中苯胺光催化剂降解行为，结果表明苯胺的降解动力学可用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ－Ｈｉｎｓｈｅｌｗｏｏｄ方程来描述，对苯胺的浓度、介质ｐＨ、液体流速、氧气浓度和外加Ｈ２Ｏ２等因素对光催化反应的影响进行了研究，并以实验现象予以解释。     

TiO2光催化降解水中土霉素的动力学研究

环境中抗生素的出现及其引起的危害正受到越来越多的关注。以高压汞灯为光源，选用较为广泛的抗生素土霉素（OTC）为处理对象。考察了初始质量浓度、反应过程中光照、催化剂投加量、溶液起始pH、溶液中DOM和NO^-₃对光催化降解的影响，研究了其光降解动力学。结果表明，TiO₂光催化氧化法能够有效去除水中半微量的OTC，OTC的光降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型；UV/TiO₂联用工艺对TOC也有很好的去除效果，反应90 min，TOC去除率可达74%；OTC的初始浓度从30 mg/L增大到90 mg/L，反应速率从0.0619 min^-1降低到0.0130 min^-1；随着光催化剂投加量的增大，光降解速率常数先增大后减小；增加溶液的pH值，速率常数逐渐减小；溶液中的DOM和NO^-₃也可以影响光降解效率。     

钛石膏中重金属元素的浸出特性研究

研究了钛石膏中重金属含量和不同浸出条件下钛石膏中重金属的浸出特性。结果表明,钛石膏中Mn、Hg、Zn、Cr、As含量相对较高,表现出对周围环境的潜在危害性。不同浸提剂浸出实验中,由于较强的离子强度效应,海水对重金属的浸出能力强于硫酸/硝酸、去离子水(除Zn外),且海水Hg浸出浓度超出标准限值近3倍。在连续静态浸出实验中,海水浸出和酸性浸出的重金属浓度均不断降低,但重金属海水浸出量始终高于酸性浸出,表明盐度对重金属的浸出具有持续促进作用,而钛石膏则表现出较强的酸缓冲能力。同时在连续浸出过程中海水及酸性浸出的重金属累积浸出率均显著增加,说明在标准加速浸出时间以外,钛石膏液固浸出体系仍具有较强的重金属释放能力,故认为钛石膏简易堆存可能存在环境风险。     

纳米TiO2粉尘的采集与控制试验研究

利用硫酸-硫酸铵混合溶液作为吸收及消解液,开发了直接吸收、消解、显色分析纳米TiO2生产现场空气中的纳米TiO2粉尘的方法。并研究了各类口罩对于纳米TiO2的拦截效率。结果表明,在流速为400L/h,采集时间为2.5 h的情况下,采用两级吸收瓶形式,总采集效率可以达到94%以上。对纳米TiO2生产现场粉尘的控制研究表明,佩戴无纺布型口罩是非常有效的防护手段,单只口罩2.5 h平均截留效率大于86%,两只口罩2.5 h平均截留效率大于90%。根据口罩的拦截效果,参照NIOSH的推荐标准,建议将纳米TiO2生产现场的粉尘质量浓度定为小于1.0mg/m3。     

钒-氮共掺杂TiO2的合成、表征及光催化性能

以偏钒酸铵作为钒源、二乙醇胺作为氮源,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了钒-氮共掺杂TiO2.通过XRD、UV-Vis、TEM、XPS、BET等表征手段,对光催化剂的晶体结构及形貌、紫外可见光响应特性、比表面积、表面元素及存在形式进行分析,探讨钒氮共掺杂TiO2的影响机制.以苯酚为污染物,评价其在紫外光及可见光下的光催化活性.结果显示,所合成的光催化剂均为锐钛矿,钒氮共掺杂能够增大其比表面积,并使光吸收范围拓展至可见光区,N以O—Ti—N、Ti—O—N结构存在于钒氮共掺杂TiO2中,V以V5+的形式存在,钒-氮共掺杂TiO2在紫外光下对苯酚降解速率是TiO2的3.18倍,在可见光下对苯酚的降解速率为TiO2的2.56倍,重复使用7次后,钒-氮共掺杂TiO2对苯酚的降解率仍可以达到99%以上.     

The ecotoxicology of titanium dioxide nanoparticles,an important engineering nanomaterial

Abstract

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO₂) are useful because of their unique physicochemical properties. The wide application of nano-TiO₂ has raised concerns regarding its potential threat to organisms and the environment. Therefore, the production and application of nano-TiO₂ in the global market is summarized in this paper. This review presents the adverse effects of nano-TiO₂ in vivo, including potential exposure routes such as transdermal, oral and inhalative exposure, risk evaluation of nanotoxicity in vitro using bacteria, microorganisms, cells and biological molecules), physicochemical characterization of nano-TiO₂ regarding crystal structure, size, shape, surface characteristics and coatings, and the mechanisms of toxicity of nano-TiO₂ based on environmentally relevant test species and cells. This review aims to fill deficiencies in toxicological research and to facilitate the assessment of the environmental risks by nano-TiO₂ which is conducive to designing safer nanoproducts in our daily life.

• Highlights

• Presented the possible human health hazards related to nano-TiO2 exposure.

• Identified the current research deficiencies in this area.

• Summarized the underlying toxicity mechanisms.

• Summarized the compound toxicity of NPs.

     

钛夹法和钛夹法腹腔镜阑尾切除术治疗小儿阑尾炎的对比分析

目的：分析无钛夹法腹腔镜阑尾切除术在小儿阑尾样治疗中的临床意义．方法：对比分析无钛夹法和钛夹法腹腔镜阑尾切除术在小儿阑尾炎手术中的特点．结果：无钛夹法和钛夹法腹腔镜阑尾切除术在小儿阑尾炎的治疗中,在手术时间、手术操作、手术费用、术后早期恢复中,无明显差异;但无钛夹法没有体内金属异物残留,对患儿远期的生理和心理上的影响明显减少．结论：无钛夹法腹腔镜阑尾切除术与钛夹法相比,手术操作和近期疗效基本相同,但远期对患儿生理和心理的影响上有一定优势,值得临床推广．表1,参6．     

天然斜发沸石负载TiO2的光催化性能

为了研究以天然斜发沸石负载TiO₂制备光催化剂,以对甲基橙溶液的光催化降解为光催化功能检验,太阳光为光源,对催化剂的合成条件及其催化活性的影响因素进行了探讨用脱色率及COD去除率对催化剂进行了性能评价,以XRD、IR及比表面积对样品进行了表征研究结果表明:由钛酸四丁酯与斜发沸石复合制备的催化剂在120℃下干燥6h后经200℃焙烧具有最大的光催化活性;甲基橙溶液的降解率随着TiO₂/沸石、外加氧化剂H₂O₂的增多而增大,但过量的H₂O₂也会抑制沸石载TiO₂的光催化活性;甲基橙溶液的pH值为2～5时具有最大的降解性.     

Removal of fluoride from water using titanium-based adsorbents

Three adsorbents including TiO₂, Ti-Ce, and Ti-La hybrid oxides were prepared to remove fluoride from aqueous solution. The Ti-Ce and Ti-La hybrid adsorbents obtained by the hydrolysis-precipitation method had much higher sorption capacity for fluoride than the TiO₂ adsorbent prepared through hydrolysis. Rare earth (Ce and La) oxides and TiO₂ exhibited a synergistic effect in the hybrid adsorbents for fluoride sorption. The sorption equilibrium of fluoride on the three adsorbents was achieved within 4 h, and the pseudo-second-order model described the sorption kinetics well. The sorption isotherms fitted the Langmuir model well, and the adsorption capacities of fluoride on the Ti-Ce and Ti-La adsorbents were about 9.6 and 15.1 mg·g^-1, respectively, at the equilibrium fluoride concentration of 1.0 mg·L^-1, much higher than the 1.7 mg·g^-1 on the TiO₂. The sorption capacities of fluoride on the three adsorbents decreased significantly when the solution pH increased from 3 to 9.5. The electrostatic interaction played an important role in fluoride removal by the three adsorbents, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated that the hydroxyl groups on the adsorbent surface were involved in fluoride adsorption.