城市工业大气污染物排放总量统筹分配研究

在持续推进环境空气质量全面达标改善进程中,城市大气污染的产业结构性特征愈发受到关注,但统筹空间和行业因子的大气污染物总量分配和控制研究相对薄弱.对此,在筛选城市大气污染主导行业和主控因子的基础上,综合考虑污染源空间分布和产业结构特征,通过构建指标体系并采用熵权法估算空间与行业总量分配系数,据此形成空间和行业统筹分配技术流程和方法,并应用于鄂尔多斯市.结果表明,该模式可以较好地适应大气污染工业贡献相对突出的城市,兼顾产业布局优化和行业规模调控,有助于完善总量分配体系和提高污染控制效果.     

颗粒物目标容量总量控制技术方法

在颗粒物源解析的基础上，把环境空气中颗粒物的源类分为有组织排放源、二次粒子、开放源及其它，提出了全面的颗粒物目标容量总量控制方法。该方法依据各颗粒物源类的现状贡献值及目标年的允许贡献值制定颗粒物目标容量总量控制方案，实现通过目标容量总量控制使环境空气质量达标的目的。     

Determination of total hydrocarbon concentration in coastal waters and sediments off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia

To determine the level of total hydrocarbon concentrations (THCs) along the eastern coastal regions of Peninsular Malaysia, samples of subsurface seawater (1 m) and surface sediments were collected from several sampling stations between June and August 1993. THCs in seawater and sediments as determined by fluorescence spectroscopy ranged from 1.4 to 21.8 µg L-1 (Seligi crude oil equivalents) and from 0.79 to 20.0 mg kg-1 (dry weight Seligi crude oil equivalents) respectively. In comparison to results obtained in similar surveys in Malaysian waters, the levels of THCs found in the present study were significantly lower indicating lower hydrocarbon contamination in the area studied.     

Extra-pair paternity, offspring mortality and offspring sex ratio in the socially monogamous coal tit (Parus ater)

Females of many socially monogamous bird species commonly engage in extra-pair copulations. Assuming that extra-pair males are more attractive than the females’ social partners and that attractiveness has a heritable component, sex allocation theory predicts facultative overproduction of sons among extra-pair offspring (EPO) as sons benefit more than daughters from inheriting their father’s attractiveness traits. Here, we present a large-scale, three-year study on sex ratio variation in a passerine bird, the coal tit (Parus ater). Molecular sexing in combination with paternity analysis revealed no evidence for a male-bias in EPO sex ratios compared to their within-pair maternal half-siblings. Our main conclusion, therefore, is that facultative sex allocation to EPO is absent in the coal tit, in accordance with findings in several other species. Either there is no net selection for a deviation from random sex ratio variation (e.g. because extra-pair mating may serve goals different from striving for ‘attractiveness genes’) or evolutionary constraints preclude the evolution of precise maternal sex ratio adjustment. It is interesting to note that, however, we found broods without EPO as well as broods without mortality to be relatively female-biased compared to broods with EPO and mortality, respectively. We were unable to identify any environmental or parental variable to co-vary with brood sex ratios. There was no significant repeatability of sex ratios in consecutive broods of individual females that would hint at some idiosyncratic maternal sex ratio adjustment. Further research is needed to resolve the biological significance of the correlation between brood sex ratios and extra-pair paternity and mortality incidence, respectively.     

Case Study on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Emissions from Paddy Field in Taihu Region

The agricultural non-point source pollution by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss from typical paddy soil (whitish soil, Bai Tu in Chinese) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through a case study. Results shown that the net load of nutrients from white soil is 34.1 kg ha^–1 for total nitrogen (TN), distributed as 19.4 kg ha^–1, in the rice season and 14.7 kg ha^–1in the wheat season, and for total phosphorus (TP) 1.75 kg ha^–1, distributed as 1.16 kg ha^–1 in the rice season and 0.58 kg ha^–1 in the wheat season. The major chemical species of N loss is different in the two seasons. NH₄-N is main the form in the rice season (53% of TN). NO₃-N is the main form in wheat season (46% of TN). Particle-P is the main form in both seasons, (about 56% of TP). The nutrient loss varied with time of the year. The main loss of nutrients happened in the 10 days after planting, 64% of TN and 42% of TP loss, respectively. Rainfall and fertilizer application are the key factors which influence nitrogen and phosphorus loss from arable land, especially rainfall events shortly after fertilizer application. So it is very important to improve the field management of the nutrients and water during the early days of planting.     

A general model for tagging on multiple component fisheries: an integration of age-dependent reporting rates and mortality estimation

A major objective of analyzing multiple year tag return data in fisheries is to estimate fishing and natural mortality rates which may vary by age class and calendar year. To do this one needs to be able to estimate the reporting rates for the tags recovered. Some fisheries such as that for Southern Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) have multiple components with potentially different reporting rates for the tag returns. In this paper we develop a general model for multi-cohort, multi-year tag return analyses where there are multiple components to the fishery with potentially different reporting rates. We require the assumption that one component has a reporting rate of 100% (i.e., this could be the component of a boat based fishery where scientific observers are present). We show further how it is possible to partition the overall likelihood developed into two conditionally independent components. The first component of the likelihood is the standard multinomial likelihood that allows estimation of fishing and natural mortality rates. It uses the tag return matrix summed over all the components of the fishery. It requires an average reporting rate for the tag returns (where the average reporting rate is a weighted average of the individual reporting rates of the different components). The second component is also multinomial for the individual component tag returns and allows us to estimate individual component reporting rates. However, this requires that we augment our second component tag return likelihood with a catch data likelihood for the corresponding components. The methodology is illustrated on some Southern Bluefin Tuna tagging and catch data. We also discuss important model assumptions and give suggestions for future research including the integration of tag-return and catch at age data analyses.     

亚硒酸钠对蚯蚓的毒性及蚓体富硒作用的研究

以100mgkg^-1,200mgkg^-1,300mg kg^-1等不同质量分数（w)的亚硒酸钠（NaSeO2)添加到蚯吲饵料中,研究了亚硒酸钠处理对蚯蚓生长发育及死亡的影响和蚯蚓的富硒作用,结果表明,3个w(NaSeO2)处理对蚯蚓生长发育和富硒量的影响都达到极显著水平,w(NaSeO2)越高,用其处理饲养的蚯蚓死亡率也较高,富硒量也较大,二者存在一定的正相关性,在200mg kg^-1的w(NaSeO2)处理下,当蚯蚓饲养到84d时,蚯蚓的富硒量可达到332．5mg kg^-1,同时死亡率高达90％。     

全基因合成方法学研究

通过基因全合成实现基因的分子改造和人工组建正成为一种实验室常规手段,因此,建立一种能够在相对低廉和短时间内准确和高效地设计和合成长片段基因的方法十分重要.本研究报道了一种重复性好、错误率低、低成本和简便的基因设计和全合成方法.此方法包含经DNA2.0软件的序列优化,Gene2Oligo软件的寡核苷酸设计,覆盖全长基因双链的寡核苷酸的组合和引物介导下的全基因的合成等步骤.运用此方法,对3个不同长度的基因(分别为653bp,1309bp和1498bp)成功地进行了密码子优化和一步全合成.其中的amyFF在大肠杆菌中表达量提高了12倍.图2参18     

烟气平均流速自动测量及其自动检测装置

通过对烟道"速度场常数"的研究,提出了利用速度场常数监测烟道烟气平均流速的方法,同时研制出速度场常数自动检测装置.解决了烟道烟气平均流速自动监测的技术难题.经实践检验:所研究的监测方法正确,检测装置结构合理,监测结果稳定、可靠.     

总有机碳不确定度评价

根据燃烧氧化非分散红外吸收法(NDIR),用TOC测定水中的中有机碳(TOC),并且分析了主要的测量不确定度来源,即工作曲线不确定度、标注溶液不确定度、测量重复性不确定度和仪器分辨率不确定度,分别量化后加以合成绩的总有机碳的测量不确定度.