Study of Pollution of the Plitvice Lakes by Water and Sediment Analyses

The process of eutrophication in form of intense plant growth has been observed in some lakes and water streams at the Plitvice Lakes National Park in central Croatia. Here we investigate whether this phenomenon is a consequence of anthropogenic pollution or due to naturally produced organic matter in the lakes. We applied chemical analysis of water at two springs and four lakes (nutrients, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), trace elements) and measurements of surface lake sediments (mineral and organic fraction analyses, trace elements) in four different lakes/five sites. The chemical composition of water does not indicate recent anthropogenic pollution of water because the concentrations of most trace elements are below detection limits. The concentrations of DOC and nutrients are slightly higher in the area of increased eutrophication-plant growth. Also the content of organic matter in the sediment is at the highest level in areas with highest C/N ratio indicating that the organic fraction of this sediment is mainly of terrestrial origin. There is no significant difference among the trace element concentration in the upper segment of all cores, deposited approximately during last 50 years when higher anthropogenic influence is expected due to development and touristic activity, and the lower part of the cores, corresponding to the period approximately 100–200 years before present. The content of trace elements and organic matter in sediments decreases from the uppermost lake downstream. According to our results there is no indication of recent anthropogenic pollution in water and sediment. Higher concentrations of DOC in water as well as phosphorus and some other elements in the lake sediment can be a consequence of input of natural organic matter to the lake water.     

Geochemical distribution,bioavailability and potential toxicity of some trace metals in a complex micro-tidal estuary,Southwest India

The spatial and temporal variations of some trace metals in the surface sediments of Cochin Estuary were analyzed along with their geochemical associations to identify the possible sources, bioavailability and the health risks posed by them. The dominance of kaolinite and suggested that clay minerals distribution is influenced by sediment sorting. Total metal analysis revealed enrichment for Cd, Pb and Zn due to anthropogenic activities. The speciation analysis established that notwithstanding the large availability, carbonate as well as organic and sulfides bound fractions showed negligible associations with most of the metals. Hydrous Fe–Mn oxides appeared to play a major role in controlling the fate and transport of these metals in the sediments of Cochin Estuary. Lower contribution of the residual fractions for Cd (21%–26%), Pb (<60%) and Zn (24%–42%) indicated an obvious increase of other geochemical fractions. Risk assessment analysis revealed that regardless of total concentration, none of the analyzed metals were at safe levels in the estuary as appreciable percentages were found to be associated with mobile geochemical forms. The speciation study conspicuously established that the metals originating from non-geogenic sources are largely associated with the labile fractions and hence are more detrimental to the aquatic biota.     

岩溶关键带微量元素运移的时空变化:以豫西鸡冠洞为例

为探索岩溶关键带元素运移时空变化特征及过程,自2009年10月至2015年5月对我国北方典型岩溶关键带——河南西部鸡冠洞相互作用带中各组分(大气降水、土壤、基岩、洞穴滴水、洞穴现代沉积物)进行了连续定点监测及取样分析,共获得650个实验数据.对比了Ca、Mg、Ba、Sr、δ~(13)C及元素比值在不同组分中的变化情况及运移规律.结果表明:(1)土壤与基岩是滴水的主要物质来源,Mg、Ba、Sr符合"土壤-基岩"二元物源模型,但各自所占比例并不相同.(2)在空间上,洞穴系统相互作用带中各元素迁移相互联系.滴水继承了土壤及基岩的信号,现代沉积物又能延续滴水各元素的信息.元素在土壤纵剖面中表现出了明显的淋溶和淀积作用,最下层土壤较好地继承了基岩中微量元素的信息.(3)在时间上,洞穴系统相互作用带中各元素迁移复杂多变.土壤及滴水受降水淋滤作用影响皆表现明显的季节差异,然在岩溶水运移路径、PCP作用、极端干旱和年降水雨型的影响下,滴水元素浓度旱、雨季差异明显较土壤小.而PCP作用及元素选择性淋滤等因素又改变了沉积物中元素对滴水元素的延续特性.     

锡林河流域地表水痕量元素的时空分布

为更好地理解锡林河流域水文循环过程,在2006～2008年锡林河主要径流期内13个河水断面(10个位于锡林河干流,3个位于3条支流)取得的248个水样,应用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)进行了Al、As等20种痕量元素的分析测定,利用分析结果对流域内痕量元素时空分布特征进行了分析.结果表明,锡林河河水中痕量元素平均质量浓度大部分在0.1～10μg.L-1之间;大多数痕量元素浓度值介于大气降水和地下水之间,并且十分接近地下水浓度,说明地表水同时受大气降水和地下水补给并主要依靠地下水补给.时间上,地表水痕量元素年内、年际变化均不大,就年内而言,大部分元素浓度变化在4、5月较大,7、8月较小;大部分元素在2007年间浓度略小.在空间上,从上游到下游,大多数痕量元素浓度呈上升趋势,地下水的补给、河水的蒸发等造成了元素富集的变化.     

长江口滨岸及近海水体中胶体的分布和理化性质研究

利用切向流超滤技术(CFUF)分离出长江口滨岸及近海水体中的胶体,并对其稳定性和物质组成进行了定量分析.结果表明,XP和WSK胶体的尺寸和Zeta-电位随pH的升高而减小,XP、WSK胶体的等电点分别出现在pH<2、pH=3.8;所采水样的胶体有机碳(COC,M r1×103~1μm)浓度为7.7~35.7μmol·L-1,占总溶解有机碳(DOC)的7.1%~41.7%;三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)分析发现研究区出现类色氨酸荧光峰、类紫外富里酸荧光峰和类腐殖质荧光峰;胶体态Na、Mg、K、Ca、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Li、Mn、Ni平均分别占溶解态的0.33%、5.7%、0.975%、1%、7.2%、7%、11.9%、15.7%、5.5%、10.5%、11.3%.Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Li、Mn、Ni与COC的结合能力大于Na、Mg、K、Ca.相关分析表明,胶体的尺寸、DOC、真溶解有机碳(UOC)与盐度呈负相关,COC与盐度无线性关系,胶体态痕量金属(Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Li、Mn、Ni)总浓度与COC呈线性关系.     

城市污水处理厂及其受纳水体中5种典型PPCPs的赋存特征和生态风险

以5种药品及个人护理用品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)包括氯贝酸、酮洛芬、萘普生、双氯芬酸和布洛芬为目标物,初步研究了它们在上海某生活污水处理厂不同污水处理单元中的赋存特征和去除特性,探讨了污水处理厂受纳河流中5种PPCPs的分布情况,并对其在受纳水体中的生态风险进行了初步评估.结果表明,5种PPCPs在污水处理厂进水中均被检出,表明生活污水是污水处理厂中PPCPs的来源之一.5种PPCPs在整个污水处理工艺中不能全部去除,微生物转化/降解是主要降解机制.受纳污水河流中5种PPCPs的分布特征与污水处理厂出水中的相似,且排污口下游水体中目标物浓度普遍高于上游,反映出污水处理厂排放可能是其受纳水体中PPCPs的主要来源之一.初步风险评估结果表明,受纳水体中双氯芬酸存在高生态风险,而酮洛芬、萘普生、氯贝酸和布洛芬的生态风险相对较低.     

Using lysosomal membrane stability of haemocytes in Ruditapes philippinarum as a biomarker of cellular stress to assess contamination by caffeine, ibuprofen, carbamazepine and novobiocin

Although pharmaceuticals have been detected in the environment only in the range from ng/L to g/L, it has been demonstrated that they can adversely affect the health status of aquatic organisms. Lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) has previously been applied as an indicator of cellular well-being to determine health status in bivalve mussels. The objective of this study is to evaluate LMS in Ruditapes philippinarum haemolymph using the neutral red retention assay (NRRA). Clams were exposed in laboratory conditions to caffeine (0.1, 5, 15, 50 μg/L), ibuprofen (0.1, 5, 10, 50 μg/L), carbamazepine and novobiocin (both at 0.1, 1, 10, 50 μg/L) for 35 days. Results show a dose-dependent effect of the pharmaceuticals. The neutral red retention time measured at the end of the bioassay was significantly reduced by 50% after exposure to environmental concentrations (p < 0.05) (caffeine = 15 μg/L; ibuprofen = 10 μg/L; carbamazepine = 1 μg/L and novobiocin = 1 μg/L), compared to controls. Clams exposed to these pharmaceuticals were considered to present a diminished health status (retention time < 45 min), significantly worse than controls (96 min) (p < 0.05). The predicted no environmental effect concentration (PNEC) results showed that these pharmaceuticals are very toxic at the environmental concentrations tested. Measurement of the alteration of LMS has been found to be a sensitive technique that enables evaluation of the health status of clams after exposure to pharmaceuticals under laboratory conditions, thus representing a robust Tier-1 screening biomarker.     

大气痕量挥发性有机物碳同位素分析研究进展

对于大气痕量挥发性有机物的研究,浓度测量方法在满足科学研究的要求方面尚有欠缺,相比之下,同位素测量方法具有测量精度高、对源解析准确和测量误差小的特点且发展迅速,该方法在大气痕量挥发性有机物的研究中所起到的作用日益显著;但由于同位素测量技术对大气样品质量的要求很高,故目前该方法在大气环境科学的研究领域中还不能普及,今后随...     

流化床O2/CO2气氛燃煤痕量元素的排放特性及控制

通过平顶山烟煤在小型流化床中的燃烧实验,采用X-射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)对低压撞击器(LPI)收集到的细颗粒物元素组成进行定量测定,研究了O2/CO2气氛下硅藻土对煤粉燃烧痕量元素的排放控制.结果表明,Zn、Mn和Ni的含量随粒径呈双峰分布,峰值分别在0.1μm和2μm附近,Hg和Co的含量在0.1μm附近有一峰值;Hg和Zn在亚微米颗粒上有一定程度的富集,Mn、Ni和Co在亚微米和超微米颗粒上的含量基本相当;当颗粒物粒径一定时,随着硅藻土含量的增加,5种元素的富集因子呈减小的趋势;随着添加剂粒径的减小,颗粒物中Hg、Mn、Zn、Ni和Co的含量呈减少的趋势;当颗粒物粒径一定时,5种元素含量顺序为MnZnNiCoHg.     

嘉兴市春季一次持续雾霾过程中气象条件与污染物变化特征分析

2015年5月17~20日嘉兴市发生了一次持续性雾霾过程,本研究根据5月17~22日污染气体(O_3、SO_2、NO_2和CO)、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、10 nm~10μm气溶胶数浓度、气象要素及边界层探空数据,分析了这次过程的成因及其不同污染物的变化特征.结果表明,副高位置北抬、均压场结构、地面静小风和边界层中逆温层为这次雾霾过程的发生和维持提供了水汽、动力和热力条件.这次雾霾过程包含1次降雨和2次雾过程(雨雾和辐射-平流雾).雾霾过程中NO_2、CO、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的浓度较高,SO_2和O_3的浓度较低.强降雨对PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和SO_2清除作用较大,弱降雨会加重污染过程.雨雾的发展过程中,PM的浓度持续积聚;辐射-平流雾过程中,PM浓度先快速下降然后再增加.不同过程中气溶胶数浓度谱均为单峰型分布,但是谱型差异较大,干净天、降雨、雾霾过程、雨雾和辐射-平流雾过程中气溶胶数浓度谱峰值分别位于20~30 nm、100 nm、30~60nm、120 nm和90 nm.表面积浓度谱在干净天、降雨、雾霾和雨雾过程中均为三峰型分布,辐射-平流雾为四峰型分布.