Application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection for the analysis of selected drug residues in wastewater and surface water

Pharmaceutical residues have become tightly controlled environmental contaminants in recent years, due to their increasing concentration in environmental components. This is mainly caused by their high level of production and everyday consumption. Therefore there is a need to apply new and sufficiently sensitive analytical methods, which can detect the presence of these contaminants even in very low concentrations. This study is focused on the application of a reliable analytical method for the analysis of 10 selected drug residues, mainly from the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, clofibric acid, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, caffeine, naproxen, mefenamic acid, ketoprofen, and dicofenac), in wastewaters and surface waters. This analytical method is based on solid phase extraction, derivatization by N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) and finally analysis by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with Time-of-Flight mass spectrometric detection (GC×GC- TOF MS). Detection limits ranged from 0.18 to 5 ng/L depending on the compound and selected matrix. The method was successfully applied for detection of the presence of selected pharmaceuticals in the Svratka River and in wastewater from the wastewater treatment plant in Brno-Modrice, Czech Republic. The concentration of pharmaceuticals varied from one to several hundreds of ng/L in surface water and from one to several tens of μg/L in wastewater.     

PSE-UPLC-MS/MS法测定污泥中9种药物与个人护理品

利用加压溶剂萃取法(PSE)提取、固相萃取法净化并结合超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱仪(UPLC-MS/MS)检测,建立了污水处理厂污泥中7个药剂类别的9种药物与个人护理品(舒必利、咖啡因、美托洛尔、氯霉素、萘啶酸、卡马西平、驱蚊胺、氯贝酸、苯扎贝特)的分析检测方法.在萃取方法中,对加压溶剂萃取的污泥质量和溶剂进行了优化;在净化方法中,对固相萃取柱种类、固相萃取柱容量、洗脱溶剂和洗脱量进行了优选.结果表明,方法检出限(以干质量计,下同)在2.7～65.0 pg/g范围内,加标回收率在67.0%～130%之间,相对标准偏差均小于25%(即标准偏差小于25 μg/L).应用所建立的分析方法,对北京某污水处理厂的脱水污泥进行了测定,9种目标物质含量为nd(未检出)～50.5 ng/g,其中,舒必利、咖啡因、卡马西平、驱蚊胺和氯贝酸在2010年春、夏季2次采样均有检出.      

Effects of phenanthrene on hepatic enzymatic activities in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus♂×O. aureus♀)

The effects of phenanthrene (Phe) on hepatosomatic index (HSI) and hepatic enzymatic activities in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus ) were investigated via the static freshwater exposure at dosage of 50, 100, and 400 g/L for 4–14 d. Compared with the control group, HSI was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at 400 g/L at day 14. Increased enzymatic activities (P < 0.05) were observed for catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) at either 100 or 400 g/L at day 8 and 14, as well as for CAT at 50 g/L at day 14, except for GPx at 400 g/L at day 8. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was significantly increased (P < 0.05) at all dosage at day 4 as well as at 50 g/L at day 8, but significantly decreased at either 100 or 400 g/L at day 14 (P < 0.05). Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was not a ected. The results suggest that CAT, GPx, SOD and EROD, as well as HSI in tilapia may be used as the biomarkers or indexes for evaluating or monitoring the pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as Phe.     

珠江口广州海域叶绿素a分布特征及环境调控因素

于2009年5、8、10和12月对珠江口广州海域叶绿素a和环境相关因子进行了取样调查,分析了广州海域叶绿素a的时空变化特点及其分布的环境调控因素。结果表明,广州海域水体中叶绿素a变化范围为1.43～86.9μg/L,平均含量为20.7μg/L,最高值出现在夏季的N1站位,为86.9μg/L,最低值出现在春季的N8站位,为1.43μg/L。各站位叶绿素a年平均浓度从上游到下游表现出明显的递减趋势,以N1站位浓度最高(38.54μg/L),N7站位浓度最低(7.44μg/L),相差5.2倍。调查海域叶绿素a的季节变化明显,呈单峰型,总体上表现为夏季﹥秋季﹥冬季﹥春季。根据叶绿素a浓度对广州海域富营养化状态进行评价,15.6%的监测站位处于低度富营养化,50.0%处于中度富营养化,28.1%处于高度富营养化,6.3%处于过度富营养化,总的来讲,以中、高度富营养化状态为主体。叶绿素a浓度与NO3--N浓度、温度呈现出一定的正相关关系(分别为:r=0.374,p<0.05;r=0.502,p<0.01),与盐度、溶解氧呈现出一定的负相关关系(分别为:r=-0.433,p<0.05;r=0.455,p<0.01)。与国内其他近岸海域(河口)相比,珠江口广州海域叶绿素a浓度处于较高水平,仅低于深圳湾。     

MBBR及UVC高级氧化技术深度处理典型医药品微污染物效能

研究了移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)对废水中6种典型医药品微污染物的生化去除特性,对比探究了短波紫外光(UVC)活化H₂O₂、HSO-₅和S₂O2-₈工艺在连续流模式下对MBBR生化出水中残余目标医药品的深度处理效能。结果显示:MBBR能有效降解避蚊胺、吉非罗齐和布洛芬,其平均降解速率分别为835.5,889.2,653.3μg/(L·d),但难以有效去除卡马西平、克罗米通和甲氧苄啶。目标医药品微污染物对MBBR中有机碳源去除和氨氮的硝化过程影响较小。高通量基因测序结果表明:MBBR中的优势菌群包括变形菌门(65.6%)、浮霉菌门(14.8%)、拟杆菌门(7.4%)和绿弯菌门(4.2%);优势菌属包括生丝微菌属(31.6%)、甲基娇养杆菌属(10.7%)、SMIA02(9.6%)和OLB12(4.9%)。UVC活化H₂O₂、HSO-₅和S₂O2-₈工艺能够有效降解MBBR出水中残余的目标医药品微污染物,在氧化剂浓度为1.0 mmol/L的条件下,目标医药品去除率达到92.7%~99.4%。与UVC/H₂O₂工艺相比,UVC/S₂O2-₈和UVC/HSO-₅工艺对目标医药品微污染物的去除具有更明显的选择性。     

Chronic toxicity and cytotoxicity of synthetic pyrethroid insecticide cis-bifenthrin

With the increasing use of synthetic pyrethroids (SPs), the significance of ecological safety and health risk is an emerging concern. In this study, we evaluated the chronic aquatic toxicity of cis-bifenthrin (cis-BF) in Daphnia magna and its cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as well as human cervical carcinoma (Hela) cells. Chronic aquatic toxicity tests showed that cis-BF could significantly affect the reproduction of D. magna. The lowest observed effective concentration and the non-observed effective concentration of cis-BF to D. magna were 0.02 and 0.01 μg/L, respectively, and the chronic value was 0.014 μg/L. The intrinsic rate of natural increase was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) to 0.02 μg/L. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that cis-BF decreased cell viability in CHO and Hela cells in a concentration-and time-dependent manner. The IC₅₀ values for Hela and CHO cells were 4.0 × 10⁻⁵ and 3.2 × 10⁻⁵ mol/L, respectively. Together, these results indicated that cis-BF induced chronic toxicity in both aquatic invertebrate animals and mammalian cells. These findings assist in understanding the impact of SPs on health and environmental safety. Considering the wide spectrum of SPs, a more comprehensive understanding of the negative effects is indispensible for planning future application and regulation of these pesticides.     

某污水处理厂倒置A2/O工艺中制药类污染物的去除规律分析

针对西安市某污水处理厂的倒置A2/O工艺,通过对主要构筑物的布点检测,分析了污水中4种制药类污染物非那西汀、咖啡因、吉非罗齐和胆固醇的浓度变化及其去除规律.结果表明,污水厂进水中非那西汀、咖啡因、吉非罗齐和胆固醇的浓度分别为8.22、127.31、12.93和5.61μg·L-1,整个污水处理工艺中,非那西汀、吉非罗齐和胆固醇主要是被格栅、曝气沉砂池和初沉池去除,咖啡因则以生物降解为主.A2/O生物反应池中,吉非罗齐和胆固醇以厌氧生物降解为主,非那西汀和咖啡因则以好氧生物降解为主.脱水污泥中非那西汀、咖啡因、吉非罗齐和胆固醇的含量分别为0.09、2.62、12.24和0.91μg·g-1,污泥对吉非罗齐的吸附效果最为显著.污水厂出水中制药类污染物的浓度为0.17～1.98μg·L-1,出水中咖啡因的浓度偏高因而需要做进一步的三级处理.     

异化Mn(IV)还原菌激活及其对有机药物去除

以嘉陵江沉积物为菌源,利用荧光绝对定量（qPCR）技术探究了不同碳源（葡萄糖和乙酸钠）和不同形态的锰氧化物（δ-MnO₂和锰矿粉）对异化Mn（IV）还原菌激活效果的影响.在此基础上,研究了激活效果最佳的异化Mn（IV）还原菌对卡马西平、布洛芬、萘普生、雌激素和双氯芬酸5种有机药物的去除效果.结果表明,葡萄糖作为碳源,δ-MnO₂作为电子受体时激活效果最佳,Mn²⁺10d累计生成浓度达416.03mg/L,TOC消耗率达88.24%.激活后的异化金属还原菌在有无外加碳源时对卡马西平和布洛芬均无明显去除,对萘普生在外加碳源时能实现11.88%的去除.雌二醇和双氯芬酸可以作为异化Mn（IV）还原菌唯一碳源,其去除率可达75.70%和58.25%.     

Phytoremediation potential of charophytes: Bioaccumulation and toxicity studies of cadmium, lead and zinc

The ability for usage of common freshwater charophytes,Chara aculeolata and Nitella opaca in removal of cadmium (Cd),lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) from wastewater was examined.C.aculeolata and N.opaca were exposed to various concentrations of Cd (0.25 and 0.5 mg/L),Pb (5 and 10 mg/L) and Zn (5 and 10 mg/L) solutions under hydroponic conditions for 6 days.C.aculeolata was more tolerant of Cd and Pb than N.opaca.The relative growth rate of N.opaca was drastically reduced at high concentrations of Cd and Pb although both were tolerant of Zn.Both macroalgae showed a reduction in chloroplast,chlorophyll and carotenoid content after Cd and Pb exposure,while Zn exposure had little effects.The bioaccumulation of both Cd and Pb was higher in N.opaca (1544.3 μg/g at 0.5 mg/L Cd,21657.0 μg/g at 10 mg/L Pb) whereas higher Zn accumulation was observed in C.aculeolata (6703.5 μg/g at 10 mg/L Zn).In addition,high bioconcentration factor values (> 1000) for Cd and Pb were observed in both species.C.aculeolata showed higher percentage of Cd and Pb removal (> 95%) than N.opaca and seemed to be a better choice for Cd and Pb removal from wastewater due to its tolerance to these metals.     

Rapid detection of multiple class pharmaceuticals in both municipal wastewater and sludge with ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

This work described the development, optimization and validation of an analytical method for rapid detection of multiple-class pharmaceuticals in both municipal wastewater and sludge samples based on ultrasonic solvent extraction, solid-phase extraction, and ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantification. The results indicated that the developed method could effectively extract all the target pharmaceuticals （25） in a single process and analyze them within 24 min. The recoveries of the target pharmaceuticals were in the range of 69%-131% for wastewater and 54%-130% for sludge at different spiked concentration levels. The method quantification limits in wastewater and sludge ranged from 0.02 to 0.73 ng/L and from 0.02 to 1.00μg/kg, respectively. Subsequently, this method was validated and applied for residual pharma- ceutical analysis in a wastewater treatment plant located in Beijing, China. All the target pharmaceuticals were detected in the influent samples with concentrations varying from 0.09 ng/L （tiamulin） to 15.24 μg/L （caffeine）; meanwhile, up to 23 pharmaceuticals were detected in sludge samples with concentrations varying from 60 ng/kg （sulfamethizole） to 8.55 mg/kg （ofloxacin）. The developed method demonstrated its selectivity, sensitivity, and reliability for detecting multiple-class pharmaceuticals in complex matrices such as municipal wastewater and sludge.     

Development of indirect competitive fluorescence immunoassay for 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether using DNA/dye conjugate as antibody multiple labels

An indirect competitive fluorescence immunoassay using a DNA/dye conjugate as antibody multiple labels was developed on 96-well plates for the identification and quantification of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in aqueous samples. A hapten, 2,4,2′-tribromodiphenyl ether-4′-aldehyde, was synthesized, and was conjugated to bovine serum albumin to form a coating antigen. Specific recognition of the antigen by anti-PBDE antiserum was confirmed by a surface plasmon resonance measurement. In the immunoassay, the coating antigen was adsorbed on a 96-well plate first, and a sample, antiserum and biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody were then added and reacted sequentially. A biotinylated, double-stranded DNA with 219 base pairs was attached to the secondary antibody by using streptavidin as a molecular bridge. In situ multiple labeling of the antibody was accomplished after addition of a DNA-binding fluorescent dye, SYBR Green I. The working range of the immunoassay for the BDE-47 standard was 3.1-390 μg/L, with an IC₅₀ value of 15.6 μg/L. The calculated LOD of the immunoassay is 0.73 μg/L. The immunoassay demonstrated relatively high selectivity for BDE-47, showing very low cross-reactivity (< 3%) with BDE-15, BDE-153 and BDE-209. With a spiked river water sample containing 50 μup g/L BDE-47, quantification by the immunoassay was 41.9 μg/L, which compared well with the standard GC-ECD method (45.7 μg/L). The developed immunoassay provides a rapid screening tool for polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental samples.     

A model to determine the lake nutrient standards for drinking water sources in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Ecoregion, China

Lake eutrophication (LE) has become an increasingly severe environmental problem recently. However, there has been no nutrient standard established for LE control in many developing countries such as China. This study proposes a structural equation model to assist in the establishment of a lake nutrient standard for drinking water sources in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Ecoregion (Yungui Ecoregion), China. The modeling results indicate that the most predictive indicator for designated use-attainment is total phosphorus (TP) (total effect =-0.43), and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) is recommended as the second important indicator (total effect =-0.41). The model is further used for estimating the probability of use-attainment associated with lake water as a drinking water source and various levels of candidate criteria (based on the reference conditions and the current environmental quality standards for surface water). It is found that these candidate criteria cannot satisfy the designated 100% use-attainment. To achieve the short-term target (85% attainment of the designated use), TP and Chl-a values ought to be less than 0.02 mg/L and 1.4 μg/L, respectively. When used as a long-term target (90% or greater attainment of the designated use), the TP and Chl-a values are suggested to be less than 0.018 mg/L and 1 μg/L, respectively.     

异化Mn(IV)还原耦合降解卡马西平及双氯芬酸

本文以卡马西平（CBZ）和双氯芬酸（DCF）2种代表性有机药物作为目标污染物,嘉陵江沉积物中提取的微生物作为菌源,利用锰矿物为填料的厌氧生物滤柱探究了异化锰还原过程对CBZ和DCF的处理效果.同时研究了外加有机碳源（乙酸钠）和MnO₂对异化锰还原去除CBZ和DCF过程的影响.结果表明,在无外加乙酸钠和MnO₂时,厌氧生物滤柱对10μg/L的CBZ和DCF能分别实现25.23%和32.44%的去除.其中异化锰还原贡献的去除率分别为2.81%和14.87%,而外加0.5g/L乙酸钠和25g MnO₂均能提高异化锰还原过程中对CBZ的处理效果（分别提高6.35%和4.63%）,但对DCF的去除无显著影响.本试验可为难降解有机药物的降解提供新的思路.     

Highly sensitive flow-biosensor for toxic phenolic compounds using tyrosinase and acridine orange-adsorbed carbon felt

Tyrosinase (TYR, EC 1.14.18.1) was physically adsorbed onto a carbon felt (CF) together with acridine orange (AO). Coadsorption of AO was essential to prevent the denaturation of the TYR at the CF surface. The resulting TYR and AO-coadsorbed CF (TYR/AO-CF) was successfully utilized as a detection unit of novel and highly sensitive amperometric flow-biosensor for toxic chlorophenol compounds. Standard solutions of phenolic compounds (200 μL) were injected, and the cathodic peak currents due to the reduction current of o-quinones produced by the TYR-catalyzed oxidation (phenolase activity) were detected at the applied potential of ?50 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. In this reaction, the electrochemically generated catechol compounds from o-quinones are re-oxidized repeatedly by catecholase activity of the TYR, leading to a sufficient amplified signal. The TYR/AO-CF exhibited much higher selectivity toward p-chlorophenol as compared with other chlorophenol compounds. When 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) was used as a carrier at flow rate of 3.0 mL/min, cathodic peaks for p-chlorophenol was linear in the concentration range between 0.1 and 10 [xmol/L (sensitivity: 1.41(mA-L)/mmol) with sampling rate (30 samples/h), and the detection limit ofp-chlorophenol was found to be 2.13 ? 10⁸ mol/L (S/N = 3. The ratio of signal and noise is 3). The TYR/AO-CF kept more than 80% of original activity after the storage in 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.2 mmol/L AO at 4°C.     

北京城区水体中PPCPs的分布特征及潜在风险

采集北京城区河流34个表层水样和23个沉积物样品,采集后海、前海和西海这3个城市湖泊10个表层水样和5个沉积物样品,应用HPLC-MS/MS技术对表层水样及沉积物样品中10种药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)进行检测分析,发现河流表层水样和城市湖泊表层水样中PPCPs的浓度范围分别为N.D.~655 ng·L~(-1)和N.D.~252 ng·L~(-1).在河流表层水样中,10种PPCPs的检出率范围为0~100%,其中咖啡因的检出率为100%,磺胺甲唑、地尔硫卓和泰乐菌素均未检出;在湖泊表层水样中,10种PPCPs的检出率范围为0~100%,其中对乙酰氨基酚、林可霉素、咖啡因和阿奇霉素的检出率为100%,磺胺甲唑、地尔硫卓、泰乐菌素及卡马西平都未检出;河流沉积物和城市湖泊沉积物中PPCPs的含量范围分别为N.D.~1 709ng·g~(-1)和N.D.~35.9 ng·g~(-1),在河流表层沉积物中,10种PPCPs的检出率范围为4%~96%,其中甲氧苄啶的检出率最高,泰乐菌素的检出率最低;在湖泊表层沉积物中,10种PPCPs的检出率范围为0~100%,其中地尔硫卓的检出率最高,咖啡因、泰乐菌素和卡马西平均未检出.从各河流看,永定引水渠、凉水河、通惠河及坝河表层水体及沉积物中PPCPs的含量较高,永定河、昆玉河表层水体中PPCPs的含量较低.应用风险商值(RQ)模型评价北京城区各河流及湖泊表层水体与沉积物中PPCPs残留对生态环境的影响,发现北京城区河流及湖泊表层水体中的10种PPCPs的RQ值均低于0.1,对河流生态环境具有低风险.城区河流及湖泊沉积物中,对乙酰氨基酚对永定引水渠、通惠河及坝河底栖生态环境具有中等风险;林可霉素对永定引水渠、温榆河、通惠河、护城河、坝河、凉水河及后海底栖生态环境具有中等风险;甲氧苄啶对永定引水渠、清河、温榆河、通惠河、护城河、坝河、亮马河、凉水河及后海底栖生态环境具有中等风险;阿奇霉素对亮马河及凉水河底栖生态环境具有中等风险,对永定引水渠、清河、温榆河、通惠河、坝河及后海底栖生态环境具有高风险.     

岸滤系统中磺胺甲恶唑、咖啡因和卡马西平的厌氧转化模拟研究

为了探究药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)在岸滤系统中的转化过程及其影响因素,采集了不同类型的河床岸滤土壤,模拟岸滤系统中的反硝化和硫还原过程,探究该过程中磺胺甲恶唑(Sulfamethoxazole,SMX)及两种共存PPCPs(咖啡因、卡马西平)的转化过程及中间产物的生成.批次培养实验结果显示,至培养周期第87 d时SMX的生物降解率达到100%,反硝化过程中SMX自第5 d开始转化为两种衍生物—D-SMX及4-nitro-SMX,反硝化反应结束两种衍生物再次还原为SMX.SMX的转化率因有机质的不同而产生差异,添加乙酸钠有机质时SMX的转化率整体高于添加富里酸有机质的转化率;硫还原条件下SMX则完全降解;咖啡因(Caffeine,CFE)的生物降解率高于50%,不同河床土壤的理化性质差异及微生物的分布差异造成CFE的吸附及降解效果有很大差异,投加潮白河沉积物样品中CFE生物降解率高于投加密云水库沉积物样品;卡马西平(Carbamazepine,CMZ)的降解率范围在20%~35%,CMZ在岸滤系统中不易发生降解.     

Characterization and biodegradation kinetics of a new cold-adapted carbamazepine-degrading bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. CBZ-4

Carbamazepine is frequently detected in waters and hardly eliminated during conventional wastewater treatment processes due to its complicated chemical structure and resistance to biodegradation. A carbamazepine-degrading bacterium named CBZ-4 was isolated at a low temperature （10℃） from activated sludge in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Strain CBZ-4, which can use carbamazepine as its sole source of carbon and energy, was identified as Pseudomonas sp. by the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The composition and percentage of fatty acids, which can reveal the cold-adaptation mechanism of strain CBZ-4, were determined. Strain CBZ-4 can effectively degrade carbamazepine at optimal conditions： pH 7.0, 10℃, 150 r/min rotation speed, and 13% inoculation volume. The average removal rate of carbamazepine was 46.6% after 144 hr of incubation. The biodegradation kinetics of carbamazepine by CBZ-4 was fitted via the Monod model. Vmax and Ks were found to be 0.0094 hr^-1 and 32.5 mg/L, respectively.     

城市河流中WWMPs的迁移转化试验

为研究城市河流中WWMPs（污水印记药物）的迁移转化行为,以13种典型WWMPs[AZM（阿奇霉素）、CLM（克拉霉素）、STZ（磺胺噻唑）、TMP（甲氧苄啶）、ATL（阿替洛尔）、PNL（普萘洛尔）、DCF（双氯芬酸）、CLF（氯贝酸）、IBU（布洛芬）、CBM（卡马西平）、CAF（咖啡因）、PRC（扑热息痛）和TCS（三氯生）]为目标物,通过生物降解试验、吸附试验及光降解试验分析目标物主要的迁移转化机理.结果表明,AZM、CLM、PRC的降解主要是生物作用,不灭菌且有氧条件下的降解率分别可达90%、95%、100%.沉积物对CBM的吸附作用明显,但其难以被水解和生物降解,而且其吸附和解吸是一个相对平衡的过程,导致CBM能够稳定存在.ATL、STZ、PRC和TMP这4种亲水性化合物不易被沉积物吸附,其余9种属疏水性化合物的吸附能力取决于其K_OW（辛醇-水分配系数）.此外,光降解试验表明,在实际环境中,很多目标物受颗粒物和光敏剂的影响,不易发生直接光降解,TMP、DCF、PNL、CAF和TCS容易发生光降解作用,其在光照和避光的条件下降解率分别为20%和10%、58%和25%、22%和5%、20%和2%、30%和5%.研究显示,城市河流中的WWMPs在生物降解、吸附和光降解共同作用下有明显的降解效果.      

太湖双酚A的水质基准研究及风险评价

水质基准是制定水质标准的重要科学依据,制定符合我国实际情况的水质基准已成为当前的迫切需求.BPA（bisphenol A,双酚A）是一种典型的内分泌干扰物,基于太湖流域的人群暴露参数和生物累积系数,采用HJ 837-2017《人体健康水质基准制定技术指南》推荐方法,推导出太湖BPA的人体健康水质基准为0.738 μg/L,通过太湖儿童暴露参数得到保护儿童BPA的人体健康基准为0.628 μg/L（6~ < 9岁）、0.821 μg/L（9~ < 12岁）、0.620 μg/L（12~ < 15岁）,与成人基准差异不大.基于太湖流域水生生物的毒性数据,采用SSD（species sensitivity distribution,物种敏感度分布）法得到水生生物慢性基准为0.189 μg/L.使用RQ（risk quotient,风险商值）法评价太湖水体中BPA暴露所造成的健康与生态风险,结果表明,太湖中有0.03%区域面积水体存在较高健康风险,有2.03%区域面积水体存在较高的生态风险.另外,采用联合概率曲线法进一步分析生态风险发现,太湖水体中BPA对1%与5%的水生生物造成危害的概率分别为0.71%和0.33%.研究显示,我国太湖水体中BPA暴露造成的健康与生态风险处于可接受水平.      

离子色谱法测定工业废水中的微量氰化物

用HPIC AG6为前置柱 ,以 0 5 12mol L醋酸钠 0 1mol L氢氧化钠 0 5 % (V V)乙二胺作洗脱液 ,用离子色谱法可测定废水中的微量氰化物 ,CN- 含量在 2 8μg L～ 1 5mg L的范围内 ,线性关系良好 (r=0 998) ,16mg L以下的S2 -及大量的SCN- 、Cl- 等共存物质不干扰测定