An opinion on the distribution and behavior of chemicals in response to climate change,with particular reference to the Asia-Pacific region

There is a general lack of knowledge as regards the effects of climate change on pollutant behavior. This is particularly true of the Asia-Pacific Region (APR). This region has major significance in terms of global pollutant emission and also displays a wide variety of environments. This review presents the authors’ opinions on possible implications of climate change for pollutant behavior in the APR. Although differing responses can be expected across the region, there are clear implications as regards the short- and long-term behavior of pollutants. Effects can be predicted through modeling, but further data are required for model calibration. Nevertheless, it can be predicted that climate change will affect processes including global distillation of persistent organic pollutants, airborne transport of heavy metals, half-life of readily degradable pollutants, and eutrophication in water bodies. Particulates are expected to play a central role in mediating the effects of climate change, and successful predictive models will need to be based on particulate-mediated transport and behavior. Climate change also has the potential to cause an increase in the intensity and frequency of harmful algal blooms in aquatic environments throughout the region, with significant implications for supply of both food and drinking water.     

Cadmium in the terrestrial environment: Impact of long‐range atmospheric transport∗

Cadmium is supplied to Southern Norway in considerable amounts by atmospheric transport from other areas of Europe. This has caused a very marked increase of Cd levels in the natural environment in this area. Evidence of the main source areas is inferred from air concentration studies coupled to trajectory analysis. The extent of contamination is indicated from deposition studies and investigations of Cd in peat cores and surface soils, including soil profile distributions. The Cd content of vascular plants is substantially higher in Southern Norway than in areas farther north and further transfer in terrestrial food chains is occurring and may eventually lead to increased human exposure.     

Chromium accumulation,transport and toxicity in plants∗

The predominant pathway for human exposure to chromium in non‐occupationally exposed individuals is via food with a daily intake of around 30–100 μgd^–1, with vegetables providing a major contribution. Unlike reports of chromium essentiality to man and animals, plants appear not to require chromium in spite of some early reports of a stimulatory growth effect.

Most reports on chromium in plants have been concerned with their growth on soils amended with sewage sludge, pF‐ash, tannery waste, or on ultra basic soils, which contain extreme concentrations of the element. Experimental studies with plants grown in hydroponic solution have often been undertaken at unrealistically high concentrations to examine the uptake of chromium in various forms, either as CrIII or CrVI at different pHs. In most cases, reports on chromium in plants deal with element concentrations and plant/soil relationships rather than detailed biochemical and physiological processes.

In general, chromium is largely retained in the roots of plants, although the oxidation state of chromium, pH, presence of humates and fulvates and plant species, affect plant uptake and transport. Leaves usually contain higher concentrations than grains. The uptake of CrIII is largely a passive process, whereas CrVI uptake is a metabolically mediated process via the sulphate pathway and is thus readily transported around the plant. The presence of a compound similar to trioxalate CrIII has been recorded while little chromium has been reported to be associated with cell organelles or soluble proteins.     

Visions for the future of transport: Approaching consensus?

Many cities and national authorities have made substantial progress in developing transport strategies to reconcile environmental pressures with the increasing demand for travel. However, there is still some doubt as to what are the key ingredients of a successful strategy and progress in implementing such changes has been slow. Research is needed to better understand what are the essential ingredients to a balanced transport policy, the constraints, which are preventing these from being implemented, and the acceptability of such changes. This paper reports on the outcomes of a project funded under the Rees Jeffreys Road Fund research programme 'From Realism to Reality', which aims to identify the elements necessary for a successful transport policy in the UK into the 21st century, The project seeks to develop a vision for the transport system of the future through an understanding of the extent of the current problems in the transport sector and an examination of the range and effectiveness of options and instruments available to resolve them. The paper examines a range of visions that are currently in the public domain. Results show that there is a degree of consistency in the general aims and objectives of such visions, but that there is rather less consensus in the means proposed to achieve those aims.     

长三角高速铁路网建设对江苏省煤炭铁路运输能力的影响

铁路运输是我国煤炭运输的重要方式。我国高速铁路的建设不仅对经济社会发展产生重大影响,也释放出一定的运能,促进铁路煤炭运输能力的提升。文章以江苏省为实证区域,针对江苏省铁路运煤特点,构建计算方法,估算了长三角高速铁路建设之前,京沪、沪宁等高速铁路通车后,以及长三角高速铁路网初步形成后江苏省主要铁路运煤线路的运输能力。结果表明：在长三角高速铁路建设之前,江苏铁路运煤线路受制于大量开行高等级旅客列车、线路技术等级低、施工维护等因素,煤炭运输压力巨大;随着长三角高铁建设的不断推进,一些铁路运煤线路运能得到释放;今后随着高速铁路网络的形成,“客货分线”得以实现,加上规划新建的铁路,铁路运煤能力将有较大提升。     

中国PM2.5跨区域传输特征数值模拟研究

基于CAMx空气质量模型的颗粒物来源追踪技术(PSAT)定量模拟了全国PM2.5及其化学组分的跨区域输送规律,建立了全国31个省市(源)向333个地级城市(受体)的PM2.5及其化学组分传输矩阵.基于此传输矩阵,从区域、省、城市3个空间尺度解析了PM2.5及其主要组分,包括一次PM2.5、硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐的空间来源.结果表明,跨区域传输对重点区域、省及京津冀典型城市的PM2.5污染均有显著贡献,其中京津冀、长江三角洲、珠江三角洲区域及成渝城市群PM2.5年均浓度受区域外省市的贡献分别达到22%、37%、28%、14%;海南、上海、江苏、浙江、吉林、江西等省PM2.5年均浓度受省外源贡献超过45%;北京、天津、石家庄PM2.5年均浓度受省外源影响分别达到37%、42%、33%.     

多溴联苯醚和全氟烷基酸的分子毒理机制研究

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和全氟烷基酸(PFAAs)是两类使用量大、环境污染广泛、人体暴露严重的新型有机污染物,2009年已纳入《斯德哥尔摩公约》持久性有机污染物(POPs)名单,但其毒性效应及作用机制并不明确.本文综述了本课题组近几年针对多溴联苯醚PBDEs和全氟烷基酸PFAAs的分子毒理机制研究工作,主要集中在这两类污染物对甲状腺系统、雌激素系统和肝脏脂肪酸代谢系统干扰效应的分子机制研究.本文分别从分子、细胞和活体三个层面,研究了污染物与核受体的直接结合作用、结合后受体的构象变化、细胞内受体的转录活性、以及活体暴露后受体调控基因的表达变化,由此阐明了污染物通过与受体直接作用导致细胞和活体生物功能改变的分子机制.同时结合计算模拟,探讨了污染物生物效应与其化学结构之间的关系,发现污染物的受体活性取决于它们与受体结合的空间构型,而其活性强度基本与二者的结合能力一致,主要受疏水作用和氢键的影响.此外,还通过研究污染物与天然配体转运蛋白的相互作用,明确了各个污染物与转运蛋白的结合能力,探讨了其构效关系,并评估了污染物对天然配体在体内转运过程的潜在干扰效应.通过上述研究工作,提出了多层面、多靶点研究环境污染物分子毒理机制的新思路,建立和引进了研究污染物与生物靶分子相互作用的新方法,发现了PBDEs、PFAAs与TR、ER、PPARγ核受体结合的新模式,为深入了解这些污染物的分子毒理机制提供了有用的信息和有效的研究手段.     

Controlling microbiological interfacial behaviors of hydrophobic organic compounds by surfactants in biodegradation process

Bioremediation of hydrophobic organic compounds （HOCs） contanlinated soils involves several physicochemical and microbiological interracial processes among the soil-water-microorganism interfaces. The participation of surfactants facilitates the mass transport of HOCs in both the physicochemical and microbiological interfaces by reducing the interfacial tension. The effects and underlying mechanisms of surfactants on the physi-cochemical desorption of soil-sorbed HOCs have been widely studied. This paper reviewed the progress made in understanding the effects of surfactant on microbiological interlhcial transport of HOCs and the underlying mechanisms, which is vital for a better understanding and control of the mass transfer of HOCs in the biodegradation process. In summary, surfactants affect the microbiological interfacial behaviors of HOCs during three consecutive processes： the soil solution-microorganism sorption, the transmembrane process, and the intracellular metabolism. Surfactant could promote cell sorption of HOCs depending on the compatibility of surfactant hydrophile hydrophilic balance （HLB） with cell surface properties; while the dose ratio between surfactant and biologic mass （membrane lipids） determined the transmembrane processes. Although surfactants cannot easily directly affect the intracellular enzymatic metabolism of HOCs due to the steric hindrace, the presence of surfactants can indirectly enhanced the metabolism by increasing the substrate concentrations.     

沉水植被降低水体浊度的机理研究

水体浊度的变化影响着水生态系统的健康,而沉水植被对降低水体浊度具有显著效果. 为明确沉水植物对泥沙的作用机理,以苦草为试验用草,开展室内水槽试验. 结果表明,苦草斑块降低了水流的输沙能力,根据试验资料估算,斑块区水流的输沙能力仅约为无草时的10%. 利用象限分析法分析了实测的紊动流场,解释了植物对泥沙作用的物理过程. 在苦草斑块区,植物冠顶以下区域(相对高度小于1.00)为下扫流态,紊动漩涡形成的下扫流将泥沙带入水底,而近底层的喷射流抵消了下扫流的能量,抑制下扫流对泥沙的冲击起动,并使下扫流挟带的泥沙顺利淤积;在植物冠顶以上区域除高密度(172株/m2)工况为下扫流态外,中、低密度(86、43株/m2)工况均为喷射流态,不利于泥沙沉降. 由于泥沙主要存在于下层水体,因此沉水植被有利于减小水体浊度.      

4种改良剂对紫色土Cd生物有效性及土壤酶活性的影响

探究4种改良剂施用对酸性花椒园土壤有效Cd和花椒各部位Cd含量及土壤酶活性的影响,为紫色土酸化改良及重金属污染治理提供科学依据.采用田间试验,设置不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（F）、石灰+化肥（SF）、有机肥+化肥（OM）、生物炭+化肥（BF）和酒糟灰渣+化肥（JZ）这6个处理,研究不同处理土壤pH、有效态Cd（DTPA-Cd）、花椒枝条、叶片、椒壳、椒籽Cd含量及土壤过氧化氢酶（S-CAT）、酸性磷酸酶（S-ACP）和脲酶（S-UE）活性,阐明其相互关系.结果表明:①酒糟灰渣+化肥和石灰+化肥两处理均显著提高土壤pH（P < 0.05）,分别比对照提高了3.39和2.25个单位;与对照处理相比,酒糟灰渣+化肥处理和石灰+化肥两处理土壤有效态Cd含量分别降低了28.91 %和20.90 %.②酒糟灰渣+化肥处理显著降低了花椒叶片、椒壳和椒籽的Cd含量,降幅分别为31.33 %、30.24 %和34.01 %;花椒各部位对Cd的富集能力不同,具体表现为:叶片 > 枝条 > 椒籽 > 椒壳,与对照相比,酒糟灰渣+化肥处理的花椒各部位富集系数降低最为显著（P < 0.05）,降幅为27.54 %~40.0 %.③改良剂处理下土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性的变化规律相似,相较对照,酒糟灰渣+化肥处理对以上两种酶活性提高最为显著,分别提高了191.26 %和199.50 %,而酸性磷酸酶活性则降低了16.45 %.相关性分析表明,土壤有效Cd含量与土壤pH值呈极显著负相关（P < 0.01）,过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性与土壤pH呈极显著正相关（P < 0.01）,与土壤有效Cd含量呈极显著负相关（P < 0.01）,酸性磷酸酶则完全相反.酸性紫色土壤施用石灰、酒糟灰渣中和土壤酸度效果最显著,在降低土壤有效Cd含量、改善土壤环境的同时,抑制花椒各部位对Cd的吸收和转运,是改良酸性紫色土及防治重金属污染的有效措施.