SEDIMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS OF GORGE-TYPE RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT. An investigation of the hydraulics of gorge-type reservoirs was conducted with scale models. Reservoir shapes were moulded within a large basin. Water was circulated using a centrifugal pump-motor unit and uniform sediment (specific gravity 2.65) with mean diameters of 0.20 mm and 0.60 mm were utilized. Observations were made to study sedimentation patterns from the commencement of sediment inflow until the final stage of a fully silted reservoir. In particular, the mode of deposition of the sediment beds, the mechanics of transportation and sediment bed slopes were investigated. These aspects of reservoir siltation were examined in relation to the factors which influence it, which included sediment characteristics and flow parameters. Bed slopes and flow depths were analyzed by various methods; the Kalinske equation in conjunction with the Manning and Einstein-Barbarossa relations as proposed by Doland-Chow produced the best results.     

Stepwise superposition approximation approach for analytical solutions with non-zero initial concentration using existing solutions of zero initial concentration in contaminate transport

Analytical solutions for contaminant transport are widely used for both theoretical and practical purposes. However, many existing solutions are obtained subject to an initial condition of zero concentration, which is often unrealistic in many practical cases. This article proposed a stepwise superposition approximation approach to solve the non-zero initial concentration problem for first-type and third-type boundary conditions by using the existing zero initial concentration solution. Theoretical examples showed that the approach was highly efficient if a proper superposition scheme with relative concentration increments was constructed. The key parameter that controlled the convergence speed was the time increment (Δt) multiplied by the rate constant ( ). The approach served also as an alternative way to make a convenient concentration calculation even if the non-zero initial concentration solution of a problem was known.     

填埋场释放气体运移分析的新解法

针对填埋场释放气体运移问题的求解方法进行了研究,提出了空间上运用无网格伽辽金法离散而时间上采用增维精细积分法离散的新解法,导出了相关的数值计算公式。结果表明,本解法的数值解与理论解吻合较好。本方法的计算过程稳定性和精度受时间步长大小影响比有限差分法小得多。前后数据处理相当方便。     

石油运输对我国海洋污染的分析与对策

随着现代石油化工业的快速发展,我国进口原油不断增加,船舶石油运输污染事故的频繁发生给我国沿海水域生态环境及国家、人民财产和人身健康带来了巨大的威胁。分析影响中国海上石油运输污染防治管理的主要因素,提出了石油运输防污染管理建议和对策。     

植穴微宇宙控制技术对盐渍土水盐运移的调控作用

在分析国内外有关盐渍土水盐运移规律研究的基础上,提出一种全新的植穴微宇宙控制技术对盐渍土水盐运移的调控法。文章从微宇宙控制技术的理念出发,以局部植穴微生态的调控方式,将生态结构的主导因子,即生物与其相适应的非生物环境条件为控制要素,在不同的微宇宙结构（植物、无机基质、边缘材料等）和自然因子（地下水矿化度、土壤质地、补水量等）条件下,运用混合均匀设计U12（12×4^4×3^4）,建立人为控制的植穴微宇宙结构和自然因子与水盐动态变化之间的相关数学模型．探求植穴微宇宙在盐土中对水盐运动的调控机理．意在解决局部植穴内微生态系统的平衡与稳定．以点带面推动植穴微宇宙的汇向源斑块的转移．以植穴微宇宙的规模效益实现生态逆境的可持续生态修复。     

新冠肺炎疫情期间铁路客运职工心理影响调查

选取某铁路局集团公司客运系统人员为研究对象,调查新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情对铁路客运职工的心理影响情况,以调查问卷的方式收集社会人口学数据、工作情况、疫情认知和行为改变、广泛性焦虑自评量表(GAD-7)、患者健康问卷抑郁量表(PHQ-9)、事件影响量表修订版(IES-R)。采用单因素和多重线性回归分析其影响因素,结果显示,客运人员PHQ-9评分为6.34±6.730分,GAD-7评分为4.68±5.462分,IES-R评分为20.57±19.140分;多重线性回归结果表明年龄、夜班频率、焦虑、抑郁为IES-R总分的影响因素。客运人员有轻度的焦虑、抑郁;年龄、夜班频率、焦虑、抑郁均会加大客运系统人员对新冠肺炎疫情的应激反应程度;相关部门应关注职工心理健康状况,改善焦虑和抑郁状态。     

自然沟渠控制村镇降雨径流中氮磷污染的主要作用机制

以四川盆地紫色丘陵区林山村镇为例,分析降雨径流过程中氮磷在自然沟渠内的空间变化特征和不同控制机制的净化能力,研究了自然沟渠控制村镇降雨径流中氮磷的主要作用机制.研究结果表明,除NO3--N浓度在沿程上呈先减后增而后再减的趋势外,其它氮磷污染物(TN、PN、NH4+-N、TP、PP和PO43-·P)均为沿程递减趋势.溶解态氮是降雨径流氮素在空间沿程上的主要迁移形态,溶解态磷是流量限制型事件降雨径流磷紊空间沿程的主要迁移形态,而颗粒态磷是物质限制型事件降雨径流磷素空间沿程的主要迁移形态.泥沙截控固持是自然沟渠控制降雨径流氮磷污染的主要作用机制,有效降低径流中颗粒物浓度和拦截泥沙是控制降雨径流氮磷污染的关键.沉降段和沉沙凼具有明显的泥沙及颗粒态氮磷截控固持作用,可较好地去除村镇降雨径流中的氮磷颗粒态污染物,平均氮磷去除量分别为144.51、65.20 g·m-2(平均雨量37.85mm).植物吸收是植被段氮磷去除的重要途径,在雨季共吸收氮磷分别可达82.69、12.52 g·m-2.跌落曝氧也是降雨径流氮磷污染控制的重要作用机制,跌落段对NH4+-N的平均去除负荷为15.05 g·m-2.     

Characteristic of organic aerosol in a remote area of Okinawa Island

A continuous investigation of aerosol pollutants in Cape Hedo, Japan was conducted from October 2005 to August 2006 by Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). This article focused on the analysis of long-range transport of organic aerosol from continental origin to the remote island. Based on the transport distance and air mass origin, four main air mass origins were considered, including North China, South China, Japan and Korea. Although the mass concentration and air mass origin were quite different during study period, the mass spectrum and size distribution of organic matter and oxidized organics were similar, which showed uni-modal distribution with modal diameter of around 500 nm. The loss rate of organics was (5.15 ± 0.55) × 10-⁶ s-¹ obtained by plotting the concentration against the transport time. Conversion rate of SO₂ to sulfate and oxidation rate of organics were (1.07 ± 0.15) × 10-⁵ and (1.09 ± 0.52) × 10-⁶s-¹, respectively.     

北京及周边地区夏季大气颗粒物区域污染特征

本地排放和区域传输共同影响着北京及周边地区的空气质量.2007年8月在北京清华大学、密云水库、河北任丘和内蒙古商都采集颗粒物样品并获得了PM_2.5质量浓度和TSP中22种无机元素的时空分布特征. 4个观测点PM_2.5质量浓度高低顺序为任丘>清华>密云>商都.二次污染元素S和一次污染元素Zn、Pb、Cu、As、Sb、Ni、Cd、In、Se在任丘的PM中含量最高,表明该观测点受人为源影响最为显著,其较弱的日变化幅度表明高浓度PM主要由本地源贡献;商都地区污染元素浓度随时间变化波动最为剧烈,受气象条件导致的传输影响较大;清华和密云的S、Pb、Cd、In、As、Zn的相关系数均大于0.70,其来源具有一定相似性;在锯齿型污染过程的开始和结束,密云各元素浓度值达到和区域背景点商都观测期间最低值相近的水平,表明密云可以表征西北洁净空气的区域特征; PM峰值阶段,整个地区高浓度硫酸盐的均匀分布（约10 μg/m³）证实了锯齿型区域污染的二次性本质.结合元素富集因子的不同分布特征讨论了各地区PM的可能来源及相互影响     

石油烃在胶州湾多介质中迁移-转化模型研究

在分析石油烃主要迁移-转化过程的基础上,根据化学污染物在多介质环境中迁移-转化模型的基本原理,建立了石油烃在胶州湾多介质海洋环境中迁移-转化箱式模型,主要包括大气挥发、浮游植物富集、微生物降解、悬浮颗粒物吸附和水动力交换5个迁移-转化过程.通过模型模拟与验证表明,该模型逻辑结构及动力学方程基本合理,而且所确定的模型参数也基本能够反应胶州湾海域的地域化特征.结合模型灵敏度分析表明,石油烃在胶州湾多介质海洋环境中主要决定于大气挥发、微生物降解和水动力交换等迁移-转化过程.