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71.
为研究取代脲类除草剂在TiO2光催化降解过程中的动力学规律,以非草隆、异丙隆和利谷隆3种取代脲类除草剂为研究对象,通过Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学模型对其TiO2光催化降解动力学进行模拟,并系统探讨了催化剂用量、C0(取代脲类除草剂的初始浓度)、溶液pH、温度、ROSs(活性氧物种)和电子捕获剂等的影响. 结果表明:非草隆、异丙隆和利谷隆的TiO2光催化降解均符合假一级动力学模型,其动力学常数分别为0.082 8、0.068 7和0.095 4 min-1;取代脲类除草剂分子中的芳香环和脲桥上的取代基对降解速率常数的大小有明显的影响. ROSs试验表明,非草隆、异丙隆和利谷隆光催化降解过程中分别有91.6%、95.5%和86.8%的贡献来自·OH;而光生空穴和其他ROSs的贡献相对较小,并且电子捕获剂BrO3-和S2O82-对取代脲类除草剂的降解动力学有显著的促进作用. 相似文献
72.
建立了加压溶剂萃取/气相色谱-质谱法,用于测定土壤中的10种三嗪类农药。以正己烷-丙酮(体积比1∶1)为萃取剂,对土壤样品进行加压溶剂萃取。将提取液净化浓缩后,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行检测,根据保留时间和特征离子定性,内标法定量。10种三嗪类农药在0.05~5 mg/L范围内的线性关系良好(相关系数≥0.997),检出限为0.002~0.003 mg/kg。对实际土壤样品进行高、中、低浓度加标,测得的回收率范围为66.7%~102%,相对标准偏差范围为0.79%~5.49%。该方法简便可靠、灵敏度高,适用于土壤中三嗪类农药的测定。 相似文献
73.
Patrick C. Mills Dana W. Kolpin Elisabeth A. Scribner E. Michael. Thurman 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2005,41(3):537-547
ABSTRACT: During the fall of 2000, the occurrence was examined of 16 herbicides and 13 herbicide degradates in samples from 55 wells in shallow aquifers underlying grain producing regions of Illinois. Herbicide compounds with concentrations above 0.05 μg/L were detected in 56 percent of the samples. No concentrations exceeded regulatory drinking water standards. The six most frequently detected compounds were degradates. Water age was an important factor in determining vulnerability of ground water to transport of herbicide compounds. Unconsolidated aquifers, which were indicated to generally contain younger ground water than bedrock aquifers, had a higher occurrence of herbicides (73 percent of samples) than bedrock aquifers (22 percent). Temporal analysis to determine if changes in concentrations of selected herbicides and degradates could be observed over a near decadal period indicated a decrease in detection frequency (25 to 18 percent) between samplings in 1991 and 2000. Over this period, significant differences in concentrations were observed for atrazine (decrease) and total acetochlor (increase). The increase in acetochlor compound concentrations corresponds to an increase in acetochlor use during the study period, while the decrease in atrazine concentrations corresponds to relatively consistent use of atrazine. Changes in frequency of herbicide detection and concentration do not appear related to changes in land use near sampled wells. 相似文献
74.
S. J. Kalkhoff M. G. Detroy K. L. Cherryholmes R. L. Kuzniar 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1992,28(6):1001-1011
ABSTRACT: A hydrologic investigation to determine vertical and seasonal variation of atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, and nitrate at one location and to relate the variation to ground-water movement in the Iowa River alluvium was conducted in Iowa County, Iowa, from March 1986 to December 1987. Water samples were collected at discrete intervals through the alluvial sequence from the soil zone to the base of the aquifer. Alachlor, atrazine, and cyanazine were detected most frequently in the soil zone but also were present in the upper part of the alluvial aquifer. Alachlor was detected sporadically, whereas, atrazine, cyanazine, and nitrate were present throughout the year. In the alluvial aquifer, the herbicides generally were not detected during 1986 and were present in detectable concentrations for only a short period of time in the upper 1.6 meters of the aquifer during 1987. Nitrate was present throughout the alluvium and was stratified in the alluvial aquifer. The largest nitrate concentrations were detected in the middle part of the aquifer. Nitrate concentrations were variable only in the upper 2 meters of the aquifer. Vertical movement of herbicides and nitrate in the soil correlated with precipitation and degree of saturation. A clay layer retarded vertical movement of atrazine but not nitrate from the soil layer to the aquifer. Vertical movement could not account for the chemical variation in the alluvial aquifer. 相似文献
75.
76.
Michel Schalk Marie-Agnès Pierrel Alfred Zimmerlin Yannick Batard Francis Durst Danièle Werck-Reichhart 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1997,4(4):229-234
The ability of a plant cytochrome P450 to bind and metabolise plant endogenous molecules and xenobiotics was investigated.
The work was performed on the yeast-expressed CYP73A1, a cinnamate 4-hydroxylase isolated fromHelianthus tuberosus. CYP73 controls the general phenylpropanoid pathway and is likely to be one of the most abundant sources of P450 in the biosphere.
The enzyme shows a high selectivity toward plant secondary metabolites. Nevertheless, it oxygenates several small and planar
xenobiotics with low efficiency, including an herbicide (chlorotoluron). One xenobiotic molecule, 2naphthoic acid, is hydroxylated
with an efficiency comparable to that of the physiological substrate. This reaction was used to devise a fluorimetric test
for the rapid measurement of enzyme activity. A series of herbicidal molecules (hydroxybenzonitriles) are shown to bind the
active site without being metabolised. These molecules behave as strong competitive inhibitors of CYP73 with a Ki in the same micromolar range as the Km for the physiological substrate. It is proposed that their inhibition of the phenylpropanoid pathway reinforces their other
phytotoxic effects at the level of the chloroplasts. All our results indicate a strong reciprocal interaction between plant
P450s and xenobiotics. 相似文献
77.
荆国芳 《生态与农村环境学报》1995,(2)
在小区试验条件下,对胺苯黄隆的除草效果进行了观察,并对其在移栽油菜上的药害和对后茬水稻的残留危害作了描述。结果表明,胺苯黄隆有较高的除草效果。在使用剂量超过15g每公顷(有效成份计,下同)时,对当季油菜的药害和后茬水稻的二次药害非常明显,可造成油菜籽产量下降30.96%~57.81%,并可使下茬水稻减产9.34%~23.20%。 相似文献
78.
79.
80.
Stefanie Trapmann Nestor Etxebarria Heide Schnabl Karl Heinz Grobecker 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1998,5(1):17-20
Chloroplast thylakoids are used as biological units to determine herbicides in different kinds of water samples as well as
in aqueous extracts of compost, soil or food samples. The thylakoid bioassy shows clearly inhibition of fluorescence yield
in the presence of photosystem II specific herbicides. Due to this method the ecotoxicological effect of samples with unknown
pollutants can be tested fast and cost effective. It has been proven that all photosynthetic active compounds are recorded
at the same time because only additive interactions occur. Therefore, the contamination level can be expressed as cumulative
parameter for photosystem II active substances. Application was improved clearly by the addition of the radical scavenger
sodium ascorbate to the isolation media and by a higher concentration of the measuring medium. A new data evaluation method
is described yielding in a lower detection limit of 0.4 μg diuron/1. The guidelines for the quality of water for human consumption
with an allowable concentration of pesticides in groups is 0,5 μg/1 [1,2] and can be controlled with the thylakoid bioassay
without performing any preconcentration steps. 相似文献