Mega-Development Trends in the Amazon: Implications for Global Change

This paper describes four global-change phenomena that are having major impacts on Amazonian forests. The first is accelerating deforestation and logging. Despite recent government initiatives to slow forest loss, deforestation rates in Brazilian Amazonia have increased from 1.1 million ha yr^–1 in the early 1990s, to nearly 1.5 million ha yr^–1 from 1992–1994, and to more than 1.9 million ha yr^–1 from 1995–1998. Deforestation is also occurring rapidly in some other parts of the Amazon Basin, such as in Bolivia and Ecuador, while industrialized logging is increasing dramatically in the Guianas and central Amazonia.The second phenomenon is that patterns of forest loss and fragmentation are rapidly changing. In recent decades, large-scale deforestation has mainly occurred in the southern and eastern portions of the Amazon — in the Brazilian states of Pará, Maranho, Rondônia, Acre, and Mato Grosso, and in northern Bolivia. While rates of forest loss remain very high in these areas, the development of major new highways is providing direct conduits into the heart of the Amazon. If future trends follow past patterns, land-hungry settlers and loggers may largely bisect the forests of the Amazon Basin.The third phenomenon is that climatic variability is interacting with human land uses, creating additional impacts on forest ecosystems. The 1997/98 El Niño drought, for example, led to a major increase in forest burning, with wildfires raging out of control in the northern Amazonian state of Roraima and other locations. Logging operations, which create labyrinths of roads and tracks in forsts, are increasing fuel loads, desiccation and ignition sources in forest interiors. Forest fragmentation also increases fire susceptibility by creating dry, fire-prone forest edges.Finally, recent evidence suggests that intact Amazonian forests are a globally significant carbon sink, quite possibly caused by higher forest growth rates in response to increasing atmospheric CO₂ fertilization. Evidence for a carbon sink comes from long-term forest mensuration plots, from whole-forest studies of carbon flux and from investigations of atmospheric CO₂ and oxygen isotopes. Unfortunately, intact Amazonian forests are rapidly diminishing. Hence, not only is the destruction of these forests a major source of greenhouse gases, but it is reducing their intrinsic capacity to help buffer the rapid anthropogenic rise in CO₂.     

CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON (HCB, DDTs AND PCBs LEVELS IN CETACEANS STRANDED ALONG THE ITALIAN COASTS: AN OVERVIEW

Concentrations of HCB, DDTs and PCBs in the tissues andorgans of cetaceans ( Stenella coeruleoalba, Tursiops truncatus, Balaenoptera physalus, Steno bredanensis}, Grampus griseus} and Globicephala melaena) strandedalong the Italian coasts in the period 1987–1993 are reported. The values are compared between speciesand between specimens of the samespecies. Chlorinated hydrocarbon (CH) levels were found toincrease in relation to the quantity andtype of lipids in each tissue and organ. Differences inaccumulation encountered in the differentspecies are principally due to different feeding habitats.Remarkable differences found between malesand females of each species confirm that during gestation andlactation, females undergo disintoxication by passing much of their total burden of CHs to their young.     

中国第二次北极科学考察沿线气溶胶可溶性离子分布特征和来源

对2003年7月15～9月28日间中国第二次北极科学考察沿线所采集的气溶胶样品进行分析,获得了Na 、NH4 、K 、Mg2 、Ca2 、Cl-、MSA、SO2-4、NO3-、C2O2-4和CH3COO-11种离子的浓度.离子组成表明,气溶胶主要以海盐颗粒为主,其中(Na Cl-)的贡献平均为60.2%;其次为硫酸盐.根据因子分析,11种离子归为4个因子,解释方差为83.7%.因子1包括Na 、nss-Mg2 、nss-Ca2 、Cl-和nss-SO2-4,代表陆地和海洋混合源,解释方差为41.2%;因子2包括NH 4、nss-K 和NO3-,来源于化石燃料燃烧和生物质燃烧所释放的二次污染物,解释方差为18.9%;因子3只有MSA,来源于海洋表层浮游植物排放的二甲基硫(DMS)的氧化,解释方差为11.9%;因子4包括CH3COO-和C2O2-4,主要来源于高纬度的北温带北部森林大火,解释方差为11.6%.     

海洋沉积物中的多氯联苯

综述了目前国内外对PCB的研究状况，并指出了PCB的来源、分布及其在沉积物和水相之间的循环受人为活动和生物活动等许多因素的影响。此外本文还概述了PCB的毒性研究近况以及测定其在沉积物中行为的方法，从而为控制环境污染提供了科学依据。     

微波消解-原子荧光法测定海洋沉积物中As的研究

研究了微波消解海洋沉积物中的As,在比较几种不同的酸消解体系后,得到适合海洋沉积物分析的酸消解体系.与传统的湿法消解比较,测试结果无显著性差异.微波消解具有快速高效、试剂用量少、空白值低、样品不易挥发等优点,已成为海洋沉积物样品前处理的有效手段.     

长江中下游海相三叠系膏盐层与铜(金)、铁矿床

长江中下游海相三叠系膏盖层中含有很大比例的大、中型铜（金）、铁、多金属矿床。膏盐层不仅是铜（金）、铁矿床的主要赋矿层位之一，而且是部分成矿金属的矿源层；膏盐层还为燕山期岩浆提供部分钠质、钾质及挥发组分，影响岩浆演化的方向，改变了含矿流体的性质；另外，从岩体和矿床中金属硫化物中流同位素重硫成分的增高，说明在成者、成矿过程中，膏盐层是硫的供应者之一。因此膏盐层与铜（金）、铁、多金属矿床之间存在着特殊的成因联系。     

我国海洋灾害经济损失评估模型研究

针对目前我国海洋灾害给海洋环境及造成损害的实际情况，运用环境经济学及系统动力学的理论和方法，并在溢油模型及ＧＩＳ的支持下，首次建立了用一系列密切相关的子模块来评估经济损失的数学模型。它对于促进我国海洋灾害经济损失评估的定量化进程将起到一定的作用。     

生物传感器快速测定BOD在海洋监测中的应用

选用一株耐高渗透压的酵母菌种作为敏感材料可以实现BOD的快速测定。采用海藻酸钙包埋法和聚乙烯醇包埋法两种细胞固定化方法并进行了比较。就聚乙烯醇固定化微生物进行了渗稼压和重金属离子影响的研究。     

系统动力学复杂性及其在海洋生态学中的研究进展

海洋生态系统具有开放性、耗散性和非线性等特点,可以借助于系统动力学方法对其研究.系统动力学研究一个不可回避的问题就是系统动力学复杂性.本文在简单介绍几种常见的系统动力学模型及其复杂性问题的基础上,系统阐述了当前系统动力学复杂性在海洋生物多样性的维持、海洋生态系统的物质循环、海洋生物群落结构稳定性、有害藻类的暴发、海洋污染物的扩散、海洋生态毒理动力学、海洋生物资源的开发与管理等方面的应用、研究进展及相关问题.在总结以上研究进展的基础上,本文对系统动力学复杂性在海洋生态学研究中的应用进行了展望.     

海洋环境中混凝土桥的钢筋防锈技术

混凝土内部的高碱性能使钢筋表面形成一层钝化膜，保护钢筋免受锈蚀。然而，混凝土对钢筋的保护作用及其有效时间决定于混凝土的保护层厚度、混凝土质量、接触氯盐(来自原材料和环境)状况等因素。本文对海洋环境中混凝土桥的钢筋锈蚀原因进行了分析，并提出了相应的技术对策。