近岸海洋沾污沉积物中石油烃类化合物释放过程的实验室研究──Ⅱ.实验室静态模拟研究

本文通过使用在较为接近自然环境条件的实验室模拟技术，探讨了近岸沾污沉积物中石油烃类物质在沉积物／海水界面的溶出／吸附过程。静态模拟实验研究结果显示：所选沾污沉积物在本实验条件下，其最大溶出浓度出现在固液混合后17～26d，反应接触面积与该值的出现时间关系密切；沉积物中石油烃类物质的溶出／吸附达到溶出平衡点的时间，一般出现在反应物混合后50d左右；在其他反应条件确定的前提下，油类物质的溶出强度，取决于沉积物与水相接触面积，而与滞留在表层沉积物以下的沉积物数量关系甚微；溶出石油浓度的垂直分布显示，其实验水体中石油的溶出浓度为：底部≥表层＞中间。     

用分子地球化学方法监测青岛海藻中痕量的油品污染

两种海藻采自山东青岛太平角及汇泉角,在研究其化学组成的过程中发现,抽提物饱和烃馏份中的生物标志化合物面貌具有成熟原油的特征,它们的成熟度参数C29甾20S/(20S 20R)值达0.51,细菌生源的藿烷类化合物m/z191的强度,比生源为藻类等有机质的甾烷类化合物m/z217的强度高出约—个数量级,并且存在成岩过程的热演化产物重排甾烷,这些都不是所分析的两种现代生物藻所应具有的生物标志物面貌,而是某一种成熟原油的面貌。经将样品加热模拟实验后,进一步证实山东省青岛太平角及汇泉角的海藻可能已遭现代油品的痕量污染。     

碳、氮物质对水稻田土壤甲烷氧化活性影响的研究

研究了碳素和氮素物质对黄松田土壤中甲烷氧化菌种群及其甲烷氧化活性的影响，结果表明，加入不同碳素或氮素物质对黄松田土中甲烷氧化菌种群的数量变化无显著性影响，但对土壤氧化外源甲烷烷尖性却具有显著性影响，且不同浓度的同一物质对黄松田土壤氧化外源甲烷速率的影响也不相同，甲烷氧化代谢途径中的中间产物（甲醇和甲酸）较非甲烷氧化代谢途径中的中间产物和能促进土壤产甲烷菌产甲烷活性的碳源物质（酵母膏，葡萄糖和乙酸）可更强烈地抑制土壤氧化外源甲烷的活性，有机氮素物质对黄松田土的甲烷氧化速率的影响要较无机氮素质质弱，在无机氮素物质中，硝酸盐对土壤氧化外源甲烷活性的抑制强度要强于铵盐类物质，NH3要比NH^ 4对甲烷氧化菌的甲烷氧化活性具有更强的抑制作用，一旦黄松田土的甲烷氧化活性受到碳，氮物质的抑制，恢复其氧化外源甲烷活性就需要较长时间，且受到抑制的过程越,恢复所需时间也越长。     

The Response of Avian Feeding Guilds to Tropical Forest Disturbance

Abstract:  Anthropogenic habitat disturbance is a major threat to tropical forests and understanding the ecological consequences of this disturbance is crucial for the conservation of biodiversity. There have been many attempts to determine the ecological traits associated with bird species' vulnerability to disturbance, but no attempt has been made to synthesize these studies to show consensus. We analyzed data from 57 published studies (covering 1214 bird species) that investigated the response of tropical bird assemblages to moderate forest disturbance (e.g., selective logging). Our results show that the mean abundance of species from six commonly reported feeding guilds responded differently to disturbance and that species' ecological traits (body size, local population size, and geographic range size) and evolutionary relationships may influence responses in some guilds. Granivore abundance increased significantly and insectivore and frugivore abundance decreased significantly following disturbance. These general conclusions were robust to the effects of ecological traits and phylogeny. Responses of carnivores, nectarivores, and omnivores were less clear, but analyses that accounted for phylogeny indicated that these guilds declined following disturbance. In contrast to the other guilds, the reported responses of carnivores and nectarivores differed among regions (Asia vs. Neotropics) and were influenced by the sampling protocols used in different studies (e.g., time since disturbance), which may explain the difficulty in detecting general responses to disturbance in these guilds. Overall, general patterns governed the responses of species to habitat disturbance, and the differential responses of guilds suggested that disturbance affects trophic organization and thus ecosystem functioning.     

Shifts in a Pacific Ocean Fish Assemblage: the Potential Influence of Exploitation

Abstract:  As in many regions of the world, marine fishes and invertebrates along the Pacific coast of the United States have long been subjected to overexploitation. Despite this history, however, we lack basic information on the current status of many fishes along this coastline. We used data from a quarter century of fishery-independent, coast-wide trawl surveys to study systematically the demersal fish assemblages along the U.S. Pacific coast. We documented fundamental shifts in this fish assemblage. Average fish size, across a diversity of species, has declined 45% in 21 years. There have been major shifts in the constituent species of the assemblage, with some species achieving annual population growth rates of >10% and others declining in excess of 10% per year. Annual rate of change in population size appeared to be a function of life history interacting with fishing pressure. Negative trends in population size were particularly apparent in rockfish ( Sebastes spp.). However, across all taxa examined, trends in population size were associated with size of maturity, maximum size, and growth rate. Trends in population size were associated inversely with harvest levels, but stocks that mature late tended to decline faster than would be predicted by catch rates alone. Our results are disquieting because they raise the possibility that fishing-induced phase shifts in fish communities may affect the recovery of fishes, even after the implementation of severe fishing restrictions.     

太平洋上空硫酸盐的分布和来源

我国首次南极考察(1984年11月—1985年3月)在太平洋和南极半岛周围海域收集了31个海洋气溶胶样品。采用离子色谱法分析气溶胶中硫酸盐、火焰原子吸收法分析钠离子,结果表明,太平洋海洋气溶胶中非海盐源硫酸盐含量自北纬向南纬明显降低。在北太平洋主要是由于陆源污染源的硫酸盐在风系作用下经长距离传输而进入海洋上空;而在南太平洋,特别是南极半岛海域大气中非海盐源硫酸盐,可能主要来自海洋生物活动的产物。利用通量计算模式,估算了南极半岛海域生物源输入大气的硫通量为0.065gS/m~2·a。     

加强近岸海域环境监测保证海洋经济持续发展

近岸海域资源丰富，但近年来污染加重，灾害频繁，影响了海洋经济的发展和资源的可持续利用。本文论述了海洋环境监测与海洋资源可持续利用的关系，提出了如何加强近岸环境监测的对策。     

海南岛热带农业光能资源利用率研究

本文通过绿色植物能量转化的生理机能,即光合作用过程中太阳能的投入、转化和产出的内在联系,定量地描述了海南岛各地实际光能利用率;地区性农业生产潜力;潜在光能利用率及其与实际光能利用率的绝对差值。结果表明,全岛实际光能利用率低于全国平均水平,只及一年两熟地区的一半,高值区接近一年一熟地区;潜在光能利用率与世界热带地区差距不大;潜在与实际光能利用率之差全岛平均达5.1％,具有较大的增产潜力。文中还针对海南的实际粗略地探讨了岛内光能利用率不高的原因和提高光能利用率的相应途径。     

加速基因算法在海洋环境预报中的应用

基于自然选择和自然基因机制的基因算法是一种优秀的寻优方法，它利用遗传操作算子来模拟生物界的优生劣汰的规律，是一种多路径全局优化方法。为增强经典基因算法对实际模型参数变化范围的适应性，加快其全局寻优速度和简化算法参数设置技术，本文给邮了一种改进基因算法，并在海渔期预报，冰情预报中得到成功应用。该法可广泛用于各种工程模型优化之中。     

模糊数学在辽宁省海洋自然保护区资源现状综合评价中的应用

本文将模糊数学中的加权评分法和层次分析法引入辽宁省海洋自然保护区资源现状综合评价之中，通过构造判断矩阵，计算出各要素相对重要性排序，评价结果用总得分表示，使得评介结果简洁、明了。