On the tolerance of charophytes to high-nitrate concentrations

Currently a debate exists about whether the reduced growth of macrophytes with increased nitrogen loading in shallow ecosystems is determined by ecological or physiological factors. To discover whether nitrate in the water is detrimental per se to charophytes, we subjected Chara hispida and Chara vulgaris specimens, collected from two habitats greatly differing in nitrate concentrations (1.5 and 10?mg NO₃-N/L, annual means), to a wide nitrate range (0.5–50?mg NO₃-N/L) in two experiments (with free-floating specimens using nitrate as the sole N source, and with planted specimens, with other N sources in sediment). Charophytes grew both unplanted and planted in all treatments, and growth reductions occurred at the highest concentration in all cases. Some charophyte responses when faced with nitrate increases were different depending on (i) the species and (ii) population origin. Under the most realistic situation, the growth of both planted C. vulgaris populations was higher than that of C. hispida populations. C. vulgaris specimens from the nitrate-rich waterbody adapted best to the highest nitrate concentrations when they grew floating. Despite charophytes being vital and growing under high-nitrate concentrations in short-term laboratory experiments, such a situation in the environment may eventually not be sustainable, since ecological factors act in the field.     

Effects of anthropogenic disturbance on primate density at the landscape scale

Accurate estimations of the abundance of threatened animal populations are required for assessment of species’ status and vulnerability and conservation planning. However, density estimation is usually difficult and resource demanding, so researchers often collect data at local scales. However, anthropogenic pressures most often have landscape-level effects, for example, through habitat loss and fragmentation. We applied hierarchical distance sampling (HDS) to transect count data to determine the effect of habitat and anthropogenic factors on the density of 3 arboreal primate species inhabiting 5 distinct tropical forests across a landscape of 19,000 km² in the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania. We developed a novel, multiregion extension of HDS that allowed us to model density and detectability jointly across forests without losing site-specific information. For all species, the effect of anthropogenic disturbance on density was overwhelmingly negative among metapopulations: −0.63 Angolan colobus (Colobus angolensis palliatus) (95% Bayesian CI −1.03 to −0.27), −0.54 Udzungwa red colobus (Procolobus gordonorum) (−0.89 to −0.22), and −0.33 Sykes' monkey (Cercopithecus mitis monoides) (−0.63 to −0.07). Some responses to habitat factors were shared, notably the negative effect of elevation and the positive effect of climber coverage. These results are important for conservation science and practice because: the among-populations negative responses to anthropogenic disturbance provides a foundation for development of conservation plans that hold at the landscape scale, which is a comprehensive and cost-efficient approach; the among-species consistency in responses suggests conservation measures may be generalized at the guild level, which is especially relevant given the functional importance of primates in tropical rainforests; and the greater primate densities in areas at low elevation, which are closer to human settlements, point to specific management recommendations, such as the creation of buffer zones and prioritization of areas for protection.     

银川地区地下水矿物的水文地球化学模拟

以银川地区为例,用水文地球化学模拟研究了地下水化学组分的存在形式和矿物的存在形态.通过对银川地区144组水化学常量组分的计算分析和水文地球化学模拟计算,系统研究了地下水化学组分和矿物饱和指数的变化.研究表明,1)在银川地区,山前洪积扇→冲洪积平原→河湖积平原→河漫滩,矿化度从西向东不断增高,由淡水向盐化水转化,水化学类型由HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg向SO4·Cl～Na·Mg过渡;2)地下水从山前洪积扇到黄河漫滩,SO42-的存在对Ca2 和Mg2 的存在形式有很大影响,随着SO42-含量和矿化度的上升,络合组分CaSO40和MgSO40分别相对Ca2 和Mg2 呈逐渐升高的趋势,与之对应的是游离Ca2 和Mg2 的相对含量逐渐降低,CaSO40和MgSO40在黄河漫滩相对含量皆超过20%;3)方解石和白云石的饱和指数在整个地下水流动范围内均呈现过饱和状态,并从冲洪积平原和河湖积平原分别向山前洪积扇和河漫滩降低,石膏饱和指数小于0,从山前洪积扇向河漫滩逐渐升高,表明石膏处于不断溶解的状态.     

水资源约束下北京地区2004-2020年土地利用变化情景模拟研究

利用系统动力学(System Dynam ics,SD)的原理和方法,发展了水资源约束下的城市土地利用情景变化SD模型。基于北京1980-2003年土地利用变化过程,构建了水资源约束下北京市城镇建设用地情景变化SD模型,对2004-2020年北京市城镇建设用地的变化进行了模拟研究。结果表明,该模型具有一定的有效性,有助于正确理解自然资源对城市发展和土地利用变化的深远影响。模型模拟结果显示,2004-2020年无约束情景下建设用地年均增长量为40.42～63.38km₂,建设用地占总面积的22%～25%;约束情景下年均增长量为21.21～51.3km₂,建设用地占总面积的20%～24%,远低于无约束情景;水资源强约束情景下建设用地的扩张速度仅为弱约束情景的37.6%,为无约束情景C的33%。可见,随着北京城市化进程的加剧和经济的进一步发展,水资源对北京区域发展的制约作用越来越明显,对土地系统的影响也将更为直观和深刻。     

基于DEM的地形指数提取方法及应用

在水文模拟中,地形指数ln(α/tan β) 作为反映地形信息的物理指标具有很高的应用价值。应用基于DEM的River Tools软件和GRIDATB程序,对红壤丘陵区地形起伏平缓的小流域进行地形指数的提取。 River Tools软件和GRIDATB程序分别使用目前常用的D8方法（单流向法）和多流向法。结果表明：与多流向法相比,D8方法的计算值较为离散,分布曲线较粗糙,平均值略高,方差和偏态系数也较大;但是,两种方法计算的ln(α/tan β) 的分布曲线大致相似。对于仅需要ln(α/tan β) 频率分布的水文模型（如TOPMODEL）来说,可以用单流向法取代多流向法来计算ln(α/tan β) 的频率分布。     

近15年来长江源区土地利用变化及其生态环境效应

长江源区是我国重要的水源涵养区,也是高海拔地区生物多样性最集中的地区和生态变化最为敏感的地区。基于1986年TM和2000年ETM+卫星遥感数据和野外实地调查,采用GIS软件和景观生态空间分布格局分析方法,对长江源区近15年来土地利用类型的时空变化进行了研究。结果表明：1986～2000年,源区林地和湿地面积减少54.2 %和42.69 %,建设用地、耕地和未利用土地面积分别增加120 %、43.83 %和21.1 %。全区土地利用的空间位置转换面积大于其数量变化,土地利用类型总变化的面积大小依次是草地＞未利用土地＞湿地＞水域＞林地＞耕地＞建设用地。土地利用动态转化过程以草地转化为未利用土地、湿地转化为草地和未利用地逆转为草地为主要特征。15年里景观破碎化程度加剧,分维数和多样性指数增加,优势度降低,景观异质性增强。长江源区脆弱的生态体系对土地利用变化响应强烈,造成水土流失与沙漠化程度加剧,导致大范围高寒草甸、草原植被退化,湿地萎缩。气候变化和人类经济活动是导致研究区土地利用变化的主要因素。     

Establishing eutrophication assessment standards for four lake regions, China

The trophic status assessment of lakes in different lake regions may provide important and fundamental information for lake trophic state classification and eutrophication control. In this study, a region-specific lake eutrophication assessment standard was established through a frequency distribution method based on chlorophyll-a concentration. The assessment standards under the oligotrophic state for lakes in the Eastern plain, Yungui Plateau, Northeast Plain and Mountain Mongolia-Xinjiang regions are total phosphorus of 0.068, 0.005, 0.011, 0.005 mg/L; total nitrogen of 1.00, 0.16, 0.37, 0.60 mg/L; Secchi depth of 0.60, 8.00, 1.55, 3.00 m; and CODMn of 2.24, 1.00, 5.1 l, 4.00 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, a region-specific comprehensive trophic level index was developed to provide an understandable assessment method for the public. The results indicated that the frequency distribution analysis based on chlorophyll-a combined with trophic level index provided a useful metric for the assessment of the lake trophic status. In addition, the difference of eutrophication assessment standards in different lake regions was analyzed, which suggested that the sensitivities of algae to nutrients and the assessment standard of trophic status possessed significant regional differences for the four lake ecoregions. Lake eutrophication assessment standards would contribute to maximizing the effectiveness of future management strategies, to control and minimize lake eutrophication problems.     

中国大陆和香港地区职业病名单之比较

为修订中国大陆《职业病目录》提供参考意见,通过循证决策分析,比较中国香港特别行政区职业病名单和中国大陆《职业病目录》的异同点和优劣势,探讨香港职业病名单制度实践经验。结果表明,两地职业病名单在立法程序、地位与作用、分类方法存在一致性,在列举方式、法律依据、制定机构、分类及覆盖范围方面有所不同。特别是中国大陆生物因素所致职业病及职业性肌肉骨骼疾病覆盖范围较窄。在修订《职业病目录》时,应根据社会经济发展需求,结合社会保障能力,逐渐扩大职业病覆盖范围,以适应职业病防治工作的需求。     

悬浮填料对干旱寒冷地区A2/O工艺脱氮过程强化研究

采用投加悬浮填料方法和高通量测序技术研究新疆干旱寒冷地区污水处理厂的硝化、反硝化速率及生物膜菌群.结果表明,环境温度与水温具有良好的相关性;悬浮填料对氨氮和NO3--N均有降解作用,平均去除率分别为75.72％和81.42％;悬浮填料填充率在20％ ～30％、曝气量在6.0 m3/h～6.5 m3/h时,总氮平均去除率...     

区域环境空气质量预报的一般方法和基本原则

为响应公众服务和环境管理对环境空气质量预报的迫切需求,中国环境监测总站率先在京津冀区域开展了区域环境空气质量预报测试。结合目前积累的预报经验和国内外相关研究,探索出区域空气质量预报的一般方法和基本原则,讨论了客观订正环节中大气扩散条件、污染源排放、物理化学过程和空气质量变化规律的分析方法及系统建立、结果确定、天气控制形势分析和信息表述等基本原则,以期为各地开展环境空气质量预报提供技术参考。