Uranium Accumulation of Crop Plants Enhanced by Citric Acid

Citric acid was applied to soil to enhance U accumulation in four crop plants. While the highest enhanced U accumulation of aboveground tissues (a.c. 2000 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight) occurred in the leaves of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), the highest enhanced U accumulation of roots (a.c. 3500 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight) occurred in canola (Brassica napus var. napus). Uranium translocation among tissues of test plants is in the relation of roots>shoots ≅ leaves. The flowers of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) contained similar or higher U concentrations than those found in shoots, but concentrations in seeds are close to zero. In conclusion, Indian mustard is recommended as a potential species for phytoextraction for U-contaminated soil due to its high U accumulation of aboveground biomass (a.c. 2200 μg per plant). There is no evidence that two types of soils cause a significant difference of the enhanced U accumulation (p<0.05). Results, however, indicate that additional citric acid may result in downward U migration that may contaminate groundwater. Speciation of U that is taken up by plants is also discussed in the end.     

铜陵市铜尾矿土壤动物群落生态研究

对安徽省铜陵市铜尾矿地6种生境中土壤动物群落进行野外调查和室内分析，研究不同弃置堆放时间的铜尾矿地土壤的动物群落结构及其与尾矿基质理化性质、植被状况等生境条件之间的关系。结果表明，尾矿堆放时间、区位地貌和植被状况的不同，尾矿基质的理化性质发生变化，导致土壤动物的种类组成和数量分布具有明显差异。土壤动物在土体中的表聚性强，绝大部分集中分布于A层(0～5cm)；土壤的物理性质越稳定，土壤动物越丰富；土壤肥力越高，土壤动物越丰富多样。即尾矿地土壤的生境条件越优越，土壤动物群落的物种丰富度越大，个体数量分布越多，群落多样性越高。这些研究结论为尾矿区的生态修复和可持续利用提供了参考依据。     

The Influence of Mycorrhiza on Uranium and Phosphorus Uptake by Barley Plants from a Field-contaminated Soil (7 pp)

Background Recent studies indicated that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play important roles in plant accumulation of uranium (U) from contaminated environments, but the impacts of fertilization practices on functioning of the symbiotic associations, which are crucial factors influencing plant nutrition and growth responses to mycorrhiza, have rarely been considered. Materials and Methods In a greenhouse experiment, a bald root barley mutant (brb) together with the wild type (wt) were used to test the role of root hairs and AMF in uranium (U) uptake by host plants from a U contaminated soil. Nil, 20 and 60 mg KH2PO4-P kg–1 soil were included to investigate the influences of phosphorus (P) fertilization on plant growth and accumulation of U. Results Dry matter yield of barley plants increased with increasing P additions and wt produced significantly higher dry weight than brb. Mycorrhiza markedly improved dry matter yield of both genotypes grown at nil P, whereas only brb responded positively to mycorrhiza at 20 mg P kg-1. At the highest P level, mycorrhiza resulted in growth depressions in both genotypes, except for the roots of wt. In general, plant P concentrations increased markedly with increasing P additions and in response to mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza and P additions had no significant effects on shoot U concentrations. However, root U concentrations in both genotypes were significantly increased by mycorrhiza. On the other hand, shoot U contents increased with increasing P levels, while 20 mg P kg-1 stimulated, but 60 mg P kg-1 marginally affected the U accumulation in roots. Root length specific U uptake was moderately enhanced both by root hairs and strongly enhanced by mycorrhiza. Moreover, non-inoculated plants generally had higher shoot-root ratios of U content than the corresponding inoculated controls. Conclusion Our study shows that AMF and root hairs improves not only P acquisition but also the root uptake of U, and mycorrhiza generally decreases U translocation from plant root to shoot. Hence, mycorrhiza is of potential use in the phytostabilization of U contaminated environments. Perspectives The complex impacts of P on U accumulation by barley plants suggested that U behavior in mycorrhizosphere and translocation along the soil-fungi-plant continuum as affected by fertilization practices deserve extensive studies for optimizing the function of mycorrhizal associations for phytoremediation purposes.     

悬浮颗粒物在河道滞留塘系统中的沉降与沉积特性

河道滞留塘系统是以颗粒物沉降为污染物主要净化机理的污染河流净化技术.通过1年的现场试验研究,考察了悬浮颗粒物SS在滞留塘中的沉降和沉积特性.在本试验条件下,随水力停留时间(HRT)延长(HRT为1.5～7 h),SS平均去除率逐渐增加,介于20%～40%之间,而SS去除速率则快速降低,SS去除速率与进水SS浓度成正比关系;不同季节河水中SS的沉降性能有较大差异,冬季河水中有机物含量较低的易沉降颗粒物比例较春秋季河水的为高,滞留塘HRT的选择应以去除易沉降颗粒物为标准,本研究条件下5 h以内是适宜的HRT选择范围.在滞留塘动态运行中,SS的沿程沉积量呈指数规律下降.     

氰化尾渣制备微电解填料及降解甲基橙研究

以氰化尾渣为原料,采用煤基直接还原工艺制备铁碳微电解填料,并将填料用于处理甲基橙等模拟废水.研究了焙烧温度、焙烧时间、煤用量等制备条件对填料降解甲基橙的影响.结果表明,在焙烧温度为1250℃,焙烧时间为60min,煤用量为30%的条件下制备的微电解填料对甲基橙废水的脱色效果最好.提高填料用量和降低溶液初始pH值有利于去除甲基橙.用于处理400mL浓度为100mg/L的甲基橙溶液,在填料用量为2g,溶液初始pH值在3~6的范围内,当降解时间为30min时,甲基橙脱色率均接近100%.XRD分析表明,最佳条件下制备的填料中主要结晶物相为零价铁.SEM显示填料中的零价铁颗粒粒度均在50μm以下,零价铁与残碳构成微电解填料.     

藻菌生物膜胞外聚合物与铅锌尾矿重金属的络合配位作用

矿产资源开采冶炼产生大量尾矿渣,其中富含的可溶性重金属引发的生态环境问题日益突显.铅锌矿是我国重要的矿产资源,尾矿露天堆放使得其富含的可溶性重金属淋溶迁移,对矿区周边地表环境造成严重污染.为探明自然水体环境中的藻菌生物膜与重金属的作用机理,采用三维荧光光谱技术研究干旱区天然湖泊中的藻菌生物膜EPS（胞外聚合物）与铅锌尾矿渣中5种重金属离子的络合配位作用.结果表明:①从藻菌生物膜EPS荧光光谱图中可检测出两个荧光峰,均来源于芳香类蛋白酪氨酸物质;②铅锌尾矿淋滤液中的重金属元素主要包括Pb、Co、Ni、Zn和Cd,且这5种金属离子均能有效淬灭EPS的荧光强度;③荧光淬灭滴定试验得出,Pb2+与EPS的络合能力最强,最大络合常数为4.523 1,最大结合位点数为1.177 5;Cd2+与EPS的络合能力最弱,最大络合常数为1.957 1,最大结合位点数为0.684 8;Co2+、Ni2+和Zn2+与EPS的络合能力相似.研究显示,藻菌生物膜EPS中含有的荧光基团与重金属离子的作用强度与金属离子的类型相关,二者的络合配位作用可能会影响重金属在水环境中的化学形态、迁移、生物有效性和生态毒性.      

铅锌尾矿砂污染下的岩溶土壤微生物群落碳源代谢特征

以广西阳朔思的村铅锌矿尾砂污染的水稻田、玉米地、柑橘园以及对照(旱地)土壤为研究对象,采用碳素利用法和18S rRNA变性梯度凝胶电泳技术探究岩溶区重金属污染下土壤微生物群落碳源代谢特征以及土壤真菌与土壤有机碳的交互关系.结果表明,广西阳朔思的村铅锌矿尾砂污染区土壤重金属总体含量(Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd)依次为:水稻田玉米地柑橘园对照;同时地累积综合指数显示该区重金属污染以Pb、Cd为主,其中Cd带来的环境风险最高.受Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd等重金属复合污染物影响,土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物熵和碳源代谢速率表现出随总体重金属质量分数增加而降低的变化规律,但土壤总有机碳质量分数却表现为:水稻田对照柑橘园或玉米地.DGGE结果进一步显示对照组土壤存在担子菌门多孔菌目Pycnoporus sp.ZW02.30,柑橘园和玉米地土壤存在镰刀菌属Fusarium solani和Fusarium oxysporum以及柑橘园土壤存在青霉属Penicillium decumbens.然而,上述参与淀粉、纤维素、半纤维素、木质素等糖类降解过程的真菌没有在水稻田土壤检出.加之,水稻田土壤微生物功能多样性指数和微生物熵最低而土壤有机碳质量分数最高,说明铅锌尾矿砂通过影响不同样地土壤微生物糖类代谢过程,进而调节土壤碳在微生物特别是真菌作用下的矿化速率.     

植物配置与进水碳氮比对沉水植物塘水质净化效果的影响

将3种常见湖泊沉水植物苦草(Vallisneris spiralis)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)组合构建7种沉水植物稳定塘,分析植物组合对水体氮、磷、有机物去除效果;在此基础上,模拟不同碳氮比(C/N)条件下的沉水植物塘对污水的净化效果,进而探讨碳氮比对沉水植物去污效果的影响.结果表明:(1)7种沉水植物组合对氮、磷均具有一定的净化效果,其中苦草和轮叶黑藻组成的沉水植物塘净化效果最好.(2)3种C/N(1.89、5.93、12.09)条件下,苦草黑藻植物塘的去污效果有所差异,当C/N=5.93时,对污染物的综合去除效果最佳.因此对于沉水植物稳定塘而言,沉水植物组合能取得比单类植物更好的净水效果,并且通过添加适量碳源物质,调整污水的碳氮比,可以提升沉水植物塘的净水效果,研究结果对于实际工程构建稳定塘净化污水具有理论指导意义.     

两种植物根际促生菌对博落回抗干旱及富集铀性能的增强作用研究

采用土壤盆栽试验,通过在博落回(Macleaya cordata)根际单独接种荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)、单独接种绿针假单胞菌橙色亚种(Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca)及同时接种这两种菌,研究了这两种植物根际促生菌对博落回抗干旱及富集铀性能的增强作用.结果表明:在干旱胁迫下,单独接种荧光假单胞菌、单独接种绿针假单胞菌橙色亚种及同时接种这两种菌后,博落回的生物量分别增加了35.03%、21.01%和17.33%,相对含水量分别增加了26.90%、19.31%和29.48%,叶绿素总量分别增加了71.11%、48.47%、12.85%,脯氨酸含量分别降低了71.70%、64.91%和61.35%.在干旱和铀同时胁迫下,单独接种荧光假单胞菌、单独接种绿针假单胞菌橙色亚种及同时接种这两种菌后,博落回对铀的总富集量分别提高了109.52%、66.67%和42.86%.可见,两种植物根际促生菌对博落回抗干旱和富集铀性能的增强作用表现为:单独接种荧光假单胞菌单独接种绿针假单胞菌橙色亚种同时接种这两种菌.实验结果可为干旱地区铀污染土壤的植物修复提供参考.     

铜矿尾矿库修复植物香根草及其根际尾矿砂中重金属形态研究

香根草是一种能在极端环境中生长的草本植物。对安徽铜陵冬瓜山铜矿水木冲尾矿库生态修复植物香根草及其根际尾矿砂中重金属Cu、Zn、Mo和Cd进行了赋存形态分析。香根草根际尾矿砂中四种元素形态绝大部分是残渣态,但Cu和Cd的有效态含量远高于香根草正常生长所需,是主要胁迫元素。香根草的生物富集系数(BCF)和转运系数(TF)均小于1,表明它严格限制这四种重金属元素在根-茎叶中的迁移。乙醇提取态和去离子水提取态是植物体中活性较高的重金属形态。香根草地下部分Cu、Zn、Mo和Cd的乙醇提取态和去离子水提取态之和占各形态总和的比例分别为10%、23%、51%和16%;地上部分相应的比例为24%、26%、47%和12%。不同重金属元素表现出不同形态分布特征,这与香根草对它们的吸收和转运方式有关。香根草根际尾矿砂及其体内重金属形态决定了它对重金属的耐受性,表明香根草是有色金属矿山尾矿库理想的生态修复植物。