Cd、Pb污染对几种叶类蔬菜生长的影响及其毒害症状

通过生物盆栽试验,研究了重金属Cd、Pb污染对3种叶类蔬菜(青菜、白菜、菠菜)生长的影响.结果表明,1)重金属污染对叶类蔬菜生长的影响及毒害症状因重金属种类和蔬菜品种而异.其中青菜对Pb污染敏感性最低,仅在高浓度污染时才表现出生长抑制作用.较低浓度Cd、Pb对蔬菜生长还具有一定促进作用.青菜、白菜和菠菜体内Cd累积量与土壤中Cd投加量呈显著线性关系(r2分别为0.995、0.992、0.958);2)蔬菜在不同重金属污染浓度下的吸收和富集能力存在差异.青菜和白菜在300mg·kg-1Cd投加量时表现出最大的富集能力(p<0.05).Pb处理下,白菜Pb富集系数始终低于青菜和菠菜,青菜的最大Pb富集系数出现在Pb投加量为2900mg·kg-1时;而菠菜则在Pb投加量1500mg·kg-1时表现出最强的Pb富集能力.     

北京市菜地土壤和蔬菜镉含量及其健康风险分析

通过对北京市蔬菜和菜地土壤镉含量状况进行大规模调查,研究了蔬菜和土壤镉含量及其健康风险,并筛选出抗镉污染能力强的蔬菜品种.根据蔬菜的消费量同时兼顾品种多样性的原则,在北京市规模化蔬菜栽培基地(采集蔬菜及土壤样品)和蔬菜批发市场(蔬菜样品)共采集97种蔬菜363个样品和54个土壤样品.研究发现:北京市菜地土壤镉积累明显,其范围为0.091～0.971 mg·kg-1,其算术均值和Box-Cox均值分别为0.229和0.187 mg·kg-1,其中有两个样点土壤镉含量(0.971和0.886 mg·kg-1)超过<土壤环境质量标准>(GB15618-1995)中的二级标准(0.6 mg·kg-1);北京市蔬菜镉含量范围、算术均值和Box-Cox均值分别为0.1～101.4、12.8和10.0μg·kg-1;叶菜类和根茎类蔬菜的镉平均含量显著高于瓜果类和特菜;北京市本地产蔬菜与市售外地产蔬菜的镉含量没有显著差异;裸露地蔬菜镉含量显著高于设施蔬菜;小白菜、辣椒、茄子、萝卜和大白菜镉富集系数较高,其抗镉污染能力较弱,而冬瓜、黄瓜、叶甜菜、大葱、云架豆、甘蓝、西红柿等镉富集系数较低,其抗镉污染能力较强.北京市居民每人从蔬菜中摄入镉的量为12 2μg·d-1,蔬菜镉对北京市部分人群存在一定的潜在健康风险.     

LC-MS/MS determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables

The aim of the research is to evaluate pesticide residue contamination of fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables, agricultural raw material, purchased from Polish farmers for production of frozen fruits and vegetables, and the estimation of the multiresidue method effectiveness expressed as the proportion of pesticides detected in food samples to the total number of pesticides analyzed by multiresidue methods. A total of 144 samples (of black currants, red currants, raspberries, cherries, strawberries, blackberries, cauliflowers and broccoli) were analyzed using LC-MS/MS method for the determination of 60 pesticides. QuEChERS extraction, matrix-matched calibration and dynamic multiple reaction monitoring method were used. Residues of 15 compounds, mainly fungicides and insecticides, were detected in 46 samples. The percentage of samples with residues above the maximum residue levels (MRL) was 15%, whereas samples with residues below MRL were 17%. A total of 13 samples contained more than one pesticide residue. Pesticide residues were detected most often in samples of black currants (50%), broccoli (36.4%), raspberries (29%) and red currants (21.8%). The most frequently detected pesticides were carbendazim and acetamiprid. The proportion of pesticides detected during our study to the total number of analyzed pesticides amounted to 25%. It was compared to literature findings. For three fourth of multiresidue methods, the proportion was below 50% for methods developed for the analysis of less than 100 pesticides, and below 30% for methods developed for the analysis of more than 100 pesticides. It appears that a lot of efforts and means is lost on pesticides never or rarely detected in examined samples. The workload and cost effectiveness of the development and application of multiresidue methods along with the range of pesticides covered by the method should be carefully and thoroughly considered anytime when a new method or workflow is developed. Including non-targeted screenings in pesticide residue control seems to be an alternative worth considering.     

Multiresidue determination of carbamate,organochlorine, organophosphorus,and dicarboximide pesticides in lettuce by GC/MS

An extraction method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion was developed to determine pirimicarb, methyl parathion, malathion, procymidone, α -endosulfan and β -endosulfan in lettuce using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The best results were obtained using 4.0 g of lettuce, 2.0 g of silica as dispersant sorbent, 0.1 g of activated carbon as clean up sorbent and acetonitrile as eluting solvent. The method was validated using lettuce samples fortified with pesticides at six different concentration levels (0.1 to 2.0 mg/kg). Average recoveries (7 replicates) ranged from 50 to 120 %, with relative standard deviations between 0.6 and 8.0 %. Detection and quantification limits for lettuce ranged from 0.01 to 0.02 mg/kg and 0.04 to 0.10 mg/kg, respectively.     

Characterization of distribution of pesticide residues in crop units

The characteristic features of distribution of pesticide residues in crop units and single sample increments were studied based on more than 19,000 residue concentrations measured in root vegetables, leafy vegetables, small-, medium- and large-size fruits representing 20 different crops and 46 pesticides. Log-normal, gamma and Weibull distributions were found to provide the best fit for the relative frequency distributions of individual residue data sets. The overall best fit was provided by lognormal distribution. The relative standard deviation of residues (CV) in various crops ranged from 15–170%. The 100–120 residue values being in one data set was too small to identify potential effects of various factors such as the chemical and physical properties of pesticides and the nature of crops. Therefore, the average of CV values, obtained from individual data sets, were calculated and considered to be the best estimate for the likely variability of unit crop residues for treated field (CV = 0.8) and market samples (CV = 1.1), respectively. The larger variation of residues in market samples was attributed to the potential mixing of lots and varying proportion of non-detects. The expectable average variability of residues in composited samples can be calculated from the typical values taking into account the sample size.     

TOTAL ARSENIC ACCUMULATION IN EDIBLE PODS AND SEEDS OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS

The main objective of this study was to evaluate whether arsenic accumulated in the edible pods and seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Helda, above the Spanish maximum recommended concentration for food crops, 1 mg kg^?1 on a fresh weight basis. Only organic arsenicals were used because they are: a) the only arsenic species allowed for agricultural applications and b) more mobile than inorganic species. Selection of French beans, a sensitive plant to arsenic, was based on the fact that arsenic upward translocation is higher in sensitive than in tolerant plants. A 2 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted with two organic arsenic species: methylarsonic acid (MAA) or dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) and three arsenic concentrations: 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0 mg L^?1. Arsenic phytotoxicity was primarily determined by soluble arsenic concentration. Experimental results showed that the low bean plant tolerance to arsenic is possibly due to the high arsenic upward transport to shoots, which could result in profound negative metabolic consequences. Even under extremely adverse conditions, arsenic residues in edible beans were below the maximum statutory limit set by the Spanish legislation. It can be concluded that the major danger of organic arsenical herbicides is that of decreased productivity rather than high arsenic uptake by consumers.     

成都平原农用土壤重金属污染现状及防治对策

随着工业化进程的加快和农业生产中化肥和农药不合理施用使得农用土壤重金属污染风险逐渐增大。本文对成都平原农用土壤和农作物重金属污染现状进行了综述,发现农用土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染均以Pb、Cd和Hg三种元素为主。分析了重金属离子在土壤一植物系统中迁移的一般规律及其影响因子,分析了农用土壤重金属污染的主要原因,为预防和防治污染提供了一些建议。     

水培蔬菜法对富营养化水体中氮磷的去除特性研究

利用水培蔬菜法净化富营养化河水，考察了不同形态的氮磷在处理前后的变化，在此基础上阐明水培法去除富营养化水体中氮磷的过程与机理。     

有机氯农药在南京市郊蔬菜中的生物富集与质量安全

用气相色谱．电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定南京市郊蔬菜中的有机氯农药残留．结果表明，12种有机氯农药在所有的供试蔬菜中均有检出，DDT和HCH在各蔬菜中的含量较高，分别占有机氯农药总残留量的49．5％～75．0％和13．9％～28．2％．Wα-HCH／Wγ-HCH和WDDE／WDDT的比值在各蔬菜体内均小于或等于1，说明这些蔬菜生长的环境中可能有新的有机氯污染物的输入．各种蔬菜对有机氯农药总量的富集因子为0．41～0．78．富集能力最大的为胡萝卜，蒜苗和菠菜．HCH类农药在各种蔬菜体内的生物富集因子(0．70～1．10)要高于DDT类(0．28～0．80)．胡萝卜对HCH和DDT等有机氯农药的富集能力较强，而莴苣、蒜苗和菠菜对六氯苯、狄氏剂，异狄氏剂和硫丹有较高的生物富集能力．虽然各种蔬菜体内有机氯农药的残留量低于国家最大残留限量，但其检出率仍为100％，仍然对农产品质量安全和人类健康造成潜在的威胁．关键词：有机氯农药；蔬菜；残留量；生物富集；人类健康     

蔬菜对重金属富集能力的研究--以广州蔬菜生产基地为例

通过调查广州蔬菜生产基地蔬菜地土壤和主要蔬菜重金属污染状况，运用数理统计方法研究和比较了不同蔬菜对Pb、Hg、Cd、Cr和As的富集能力。结果表明：各种蔬菜对重金属元素的富集能力与蔬菜生长特性以及与不同蔬菜对重金属元素吸收特性(遗传特性)的差异性密切相关，以富集系数表示蔬菜对元素富集能力高低，按平均值大小对不同蔬菜富集系数进行排序并分类。