长春市郊区蔬菜有机磷农药残留与健康风险评价

为了明晰长春市郊区蔬菜有机磷农药残留现况,原位采集7种214个蔬菜样品,采用气相色谱法(GC-FPD)对11种有机磷农药进行分析测定,并采用目标危险系数(THQ)法等对其风险进行了预测研究.结果表明,样品可食用部分有机磷农药含量超过与低于最大残留限量(MRL)的比率分别为23.4%和68.7%,仅7.9%样品未检出有机磷农药.有机磷农药检出率顺序依次为:二嗪农(82.2%)甲拌磷(45.8%)乐果(29.4%)甲基对硫磷(27.6%)氧化乐果(23.8%)敌敌畏(22.9%)杀螟硫磷(21%)倍硫磷(18.7%)对硫磷(18.2%)甲胺磷(17.3%)马拉硫磷(12.1%).叶菜类蔬菜有机磷超标率高于根茎类和茄果类蔬菜.不同种类蔬菜有机磷农药超标率顺序依次为:葱(82.5%)萝卜(37.5%)辣椒(17.2%)白菜(14.3%)黄瓜(3.2%)茄子(2.9%)西红柿(0%).49.5%蔬菜中检测到1种以上有机磷农药.目标平均危险系数(ave THQ)均小于1,ave HI为0.462.因此,从蔬菜有机磷农药平均含量看,目前蔬菜中的有机磷农药不会对市民造成明显的健康风险.     

Results of the monitoring program of pesticide residues in organic food of plant origin in Lombardy (Italy)

Organic agriculture, with its restrictions on the use of synthetic chemical inputs, seems to offer a low-residue alternative to conventional methods. In Europe, the Council Regulation n. 2092/91/EEC regulates the production and trade of organic products and foodstuffs; national and regional legislation in Italy gives specific guidance on the surveillance of organic agriculture. However, monitoring of specific chemical residues in organic foodstuffs is part of the regular controls on food, aiming to safeguard consumer's health. Monitoring programs are coordinated at the national level by the Ministry of Health and at local level by Regional authorities. In Lombardy, in accordance with the provisions of the General Directorate of Health of the Region and under the supervision of the 15 Local Health Units, a monitoring program of pesticide residues in food of plant origin is undertaken every year. The International Centre for Pesticides and Health Risk Prevention (ICPS), on behalf of the General Directorate of Health of the Region of Lombardy, has been collecting and elaborating the data resulting from the analysis of food samples, carried out by the local laboratories. During the period 2002–2005, a total of 3508 samples food of plant origin were analyzed for pesticide residues, among which were 266 samples of organic farming products. Commodities were classified into groups (citrus fruits, legumes, vegetables, potatoes, processed products, cereals, and fruit other than citrus) and the outcomes of the analyses were reported by year, origin of the sample and presence/absence of pesticide residues. Results showed that the vast majority of organic farming products were in conformity with the relevant legislation and did not contain detectable pesticide residues. A limited amount of samples had residues at concentration below the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL). Only in one sample the residue level was above the MRL, however it did not pose a concern for public health, as demonstrated by the outcomes of dietary risk assessment. Organic fruits and vegetables can be expected to contain fewer agrochemical residues than conventionally grown alternatives. There is a widespread belief that organic agriculture products are safer and healthier than conventional foods. It is difficult to come to conclusions, but what should be made clear to the consumer is that “organic” does not automatically equal “safe”. In the absence of adequate comparative data, additional studies in this area of research are required.     

Harvest time residues of pendimethalin in tomato,cauliflower, and radish under field conditions

Herbicides applied to vegetables play an important role in higher production of vegetables due to effective and timely control of weeds but at the same time herbicides residue may produce numerous environmental problems. The aim of this study was to determine whether application of herbicide for control of annual weeds in vegetable growing areas at recommended levels resulted in residues at the time of harvest. Thus, terminal residues of pendimethalin in vegetables such as tomato, cauliflower, and radishes were studies under field conditions. Pendimethalin was applied as pre-emergence herbicides at 1 kg a.i. ha^?1 to tomato, cauliflower, and radish crops. Soil and vegetables samples were collected from pendimethalin-treated plots at maturity to determine harvest time residues of pendimethalin. At harvest, 0.008, 0.001, and 0.014 μg/g residues of pendimethalin were found in tomato, cauliflower, and radishes, respectively.     

5种水培植物对富营养化水体的净化能力

为了研究水培植物对富营养化水体的净化能力,将莴笋(Lactuca sativa var.angustata)、空心菜(Ipomoeaaquatica)、番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)、生菜(Lactuca sativa var.ramosa)和黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)5种蔬菜放置于富营养化水体中培养,定期测定水体中总氮和总磷含量的变化。实验结果表明,水培莴笋、空心菜、番茄、生菜和黄瓜对富营养化水体中总氮的去除率分别为66.45%、91.28%、93.74%、93.04%和90.11%;对总磷的去除率分别为96.44%、97.48%、85.62%、88.08%和90.97%。比较5种水培蔬菜单位鲜重的总氮和总磷去除能力,结果表明,生菜的总氮和总磷去除能力最强,分别为0.69 mg/(L.g FW)和0.06 mg/(L.g FW),可作为净化富营养化水体优先选择的植物物种。     

重庆市畜禽粪便及菜田土壤中四环素类抗生素生态风险评价

近年来新型有机污染物抗生素在环境中的残留及对生态环境的风险成为国内外研究的热点.在畜禽养殖业中四环素类抗生素（tetracycline antibiotics,TCs）使用量最大,在畜禽粪便中的残留量也最高.本文采用调查研究结合室内分析,客观评价了重庆市主要大型养殖场畜禽粪便和主要蔬菜基地菜田土壤中3种农用四环素类抗生素[土霉素（OTC）、四环素（TC）和金霉素（CTC）]可能存在的环境生态风险.结果表明,2014年猪粪和鸡粪中的OTC、TC、CTC和TCs总量∑TCs的平均值分别为13.05、91.81、62.48、167.34 mg·kg^-1和4.25、4.6、28.55、37.40 mg·kg^-1.2019年所调查的样品中猪粪和鸡粪中的OTC、TC、CTC和∑TCs平均含量分别为3.39、4.82、5.92、15.95 mg·kg^-1和1.10、1.35、4.22、5.16 mg·kg^-1,相比2014年,2019年重庆市畜禽粪便中TCs含量有大幅度的下降,TCs的检出率也有所降低.鸡粪中的TCs生态风险较猪粪要低,2019年畜禽粪便中的TCs生态风险较2014年大幅度降低,不同抗生素间总体比较,风险商值以CTC > OTC > TC.重庆主要蔬菜基地及周边地区菜田土壤中OTC、TC、CTC和∑TCs的平均含量分别为18.92、39.10、21.80和79.81 μg·kg^-1.TCs含量大小顺序为养殖场附近菜田 > 无公害蔬菜基地 > 普通菜田;在养殖场附近的菜田中,露地TCs含量普遍高于大棚,而在无公害蔬菜基地,TCs含量表现为大棚 > 露地.从菜田TCs的生态风险商值整体上看,各类种植模式下的HQ均<1,即无高风险.3种TCs的HQ值以CTC > OTC > TC.土壤∑TCs含量以叶菜类 > 瓜类 > 茄果类 > 豆类,种植不同类型蔬菜的菜田土壤TCs含量略有差异,可能跟不同蔬菜栽培模式、畜禽粪便种类及施肥量有关系.     

环丙沙星高、低积累菜心(Brassica campestris L.)抗氧化性能的差异

以环丙沙星抗生素(Ciprofloxacin,CIP)高、低积累菜心(油青四九菜心、油绿粗苔菜心)为研究对象,通过水培实验,研究了CIP胁迫下(0~5.0 mg·L~(-1)),二者抗氧化性能(蛋白质含量、超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量)的差异.结果表明,不同浓度CIP条件下,高积累菜心根部CIP富集系数(14.6~24.0)大于低积累菜心(11.3~13.5),但二者转运系数相当(0.006~0.014).同时,高积累菜心根部及地上部的可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD酶活性以及POD酶活性总体大于低积累菜心,而其膜脂过氧化损伤(MDA含量0.29~3.61nmol·mg~(-1))低于后者(MDA含量0.87~6.23 nmol·mg~(-1)),因此其对CIP耐受能力较强,利于吸收积累CIP.     

东北地区山野菜资源的经济价值

东北地区山野菜资源十分丰富,而山野菜具有很高的营养价值和保健价值,是绿色食品中的佼佼者。本文概述了我国东北山野菜的资源概况、营养成分、深层次加工及人工栽培方法     

Cadmium Concentration in Vegetables Grown on Urban Soils Irrigated with Untreated Municipal Sewage

Cadmium (Cd) is considered as a potential toxin that is principally dispersed in natural and agricultural environments through anthropogenic sources. Untreated municipal sewage, often a potential source of Cd, is generally used to irrigate urban agricultural soils in many developing countries. A study was carried out to determine Cd concentration in untreated municipal sewage and sewage-irrigated soils and vegetables. The metal ion concentration in municipal sewage was found 3-fold (0.03mgL^–1) its permissible concentration in irrigation water (0.01mgL^–1). Ammonium bicarbonate–diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid NH₄HCO₃–DTPA) extractable Cd concentration in top 0.15m soil ranged between 0.25 and 0.34mgkg^–1. Soil Cd concentration was significantly correlated with soil clay content, pH, electrical conductivity, and cation exchange capacity. Cadmium availability index (CDI) decreased with an increase in soil depth. The metal ion was found in leaf (0.17–0.24mgkg^–1 fresh weight) and fruit (0.07–0.18mgkg^–1 fresh weight) portions of all the sampled vegetables: bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.), okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], onion (Allium cepa L.), pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Leafy tissue accumulated Cd about twice that of the fruit portion. Our results suggest that prolonged ingestion of sewage-irrigated leafy vegetables can develop such Cd levels in human body that may cause a number of illnesses.     

如东县菜篮子蔬菜基地土壤环境质量评价

从与人们日常生活息息相关的蔬菜基地的土壤环境质量入手，通过对如东菜篮子蔬菜基地土壤中的各主要重金属含量进行监测分析，运用单因子质量指数评价方法，结果表明，如东菜篮子蔬菜基地所有单项污染指数均小于1，完全符合无公害蔬菜产地的环境要求。     

河北坝上高原错季无公害蔬菜生产的环境标准与技术

着重论述了河北坝上高原错季无公害蔬菜生产的环境标准与技术问题。针对人们对农产品安全质量与环境标准的要求,简要介绍了无公害蔬菜生产绿色食品、有机食品的基本概念;明确了河北省坝上地区无公害蔬菜生产的地理区位优势:气候冷凉,光照充足,雨热同季,昼夜温差大等,并指出该区存在的干旱多风少雨等主要问题;进而提出坝上错季无公害蔬菜生产的环境标准与技术:限量施用纯氮≤225kg·hm-2和有机肥≤75000kg·hm-2等措施。这些对我国入世后加强农产品安全质量与环境质量管理,推行无公害绿色食品生产体系与技术指标,确保农业可持续发展均具有重要指导意义。