硅在海洋浮游植物群落演替过程中的作用

海洋浮游植物的群落演替是一处自然规律。每一局部水域，由于受各种特殊环境条件的调控和制约。具有其独特的浮游植物生礅类型。本文着重讨论了硅盐在浮游植物群落演替机制中手作用。并以大量的研究事例论证了这一理论的确立。     

Toward Sustainable Management of National Parks in Japan: Securing Local Community and Stakeholder Participation

Japan’s national park system constitutes a potentially viable mechanism for securing local community participation and building stakeholder consensus for sustainable park management, although the potential of this system is yet to be fully maximized. This article gives an overview of the system of protecting natural resources in Japan, focusing on the national park system. Parks are managed by zoning and regulation, which is unique in that land is not “set aside” for nature conservation, but designated as national park wherever the need to preserve “scenic beauty” has been recognized, regardless of land ownership or land use. Although resource conservation under this system has been problematic, it has advantages, especially in terms of community participation. This article demonstrates that in order to reach the system’s potential, the park authority must act as coordinator of stakeholders and facilitator of bottom-up approaches to decision-making. In order to do this, steps that must be taken include the following: identifying the various stakeholders in park management and defining the “local community”; clarifying the roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder; and supporting consensus-building among stakeholders regarding the objectives and long-term vision of each park. By taking these steps, it would be possible to build a park management system that overrides government boundaries and involves local communities. This will enable the park authority to address the challenges facing Japan’s complex system of conserving natural resources, and move towards sustainable management of natural resources in Japan.     

Bacterioplankton Community Structure and Dynamics in Enclosures During Bioremediation Experiments in an Acid Mining Lake

In an acid mining lake (pH 2.6) enclosure experiments wereperformed with the addition of different concentrations oforganic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. SSCP-communityfingerprints, based on 16S rRNA gene amplicons, were performed tomonitor changes in the structure of the total bacterialcommunity and the sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) in themesocosms. Total bacterial cell counts, as assessed byepifluorescence microscopy, were increased in the mesocosmsamended with organic carbon. The addition of carbon alsoincreased the number of abundant bacterial taxa substantiallyalong depth. Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) could be detected inall enclosures and all parts of the water column. These SRBbelonged to genus Desulfobacter as indicated bycoroborating molecular data.     

利用植被改善博斯腾湖生态环境

博斯腾湖是我国最大的内陆淡水湖，具有重要的生态地位，然而受人类活动的严重干扰，已变成微咸湖，且受到一定的有机污染，其生态环境遭到严重破坏，加强对博斯腾湖的保护和综合利用，已迫在眉睫，针对博斯腾湖的现状，笔者认为必须对其进行综合治理，充分利用植被，才能确保湖区资源的持续利用。可考虑采用下列措施：（1）合理利用水资源；（2）在湖周围发展荒漠植被，乔，灌，草相结合，可选择胡杨，柽柳，沙刺，梭梭，沙棘等种类；（3）保护芦苇植被，大力发展其他水生植物，研究表明，水面上有水生植物生长时，其蒸发蒸腾量低于自由水面的蒸发理，而且降低了水体的矿化度并净化了水体，并且可为养殖业提供大量优质饲料，利用植被改善博斯腾湖的生态环境，投资少，效益明显而持久。     

炼油厂外排污水回用于绿化的研究初探

实验选用三种不同的源水,即大港地区的地下水、滦河水和炼油厂外排水,实验植物选用:一串红、藿香蓟。定期分别用三种源水浇灌植物,以考察两种植物生长情况和土壤离子浓度的变化。研究结果表明,炼油废水处理后用于绿化,在达标排放的情况下,对某些植物的生长有一定的促进作用。     

西北地区生态用水的探讨

我国西北地区多处于干旱气候带，水资源匮乏，生态环境脆弱。为实施西北地区生态恢复与重建，必须合理开发和利用该区有限的水资源，科学地确定社会用水同生态用水的比例，积极保证生态用水，合理利用生态用水，注重生态用水的多重效益。结合西北干旱区实际情况，就这一地区生态用水的开发和利用做了分析阐述。     

城市社区防灾减灾工作机制研究

在组织论指导下,提出在区民防办下设街道防减灾办公室,负责社区防减灾的领导工作。根据灾害管理过程,设置下属机构包括:社区灾害预防组、应急救援组和灾后恢复组。明确各相关方在具体工作中的角色和责任,完善社区防减灾机制。按自愿原则组建志愿者队伍,建立良好的培养和激励机制,确保服务人员的长期化。扩大基层防减灾宣传教育的广度,特别是基层领导干部和青少年的宣教。将宣教和防灾演练结合,使得防灾演练制度化。同时,需要重视在现有"120"急救网络上,建立院前急救体系,配备相应的物资和人员。     

Monitoring of Vegetation Development in Technogenically Disturbed Areas of the Usinskoe Oil Field

Vegetation development and changes in the characteristics of the substrate in technogenically disturbed sites in the Usinskoe oil field were monitored for ten years (1992–2002). It has been demonstrated that 86 species of vascular plants and 12 species of bryophytes constitute the vegetation formed on fill-up soils during the first stages of recovery succession. A succession of dominant species was observed in the tenth year of monitoring. Differences in plant composition on the ground surface of different technological zones of plots located in different landscapes are described.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 269–274.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Zheleznova, Kuznetsova, Evdokimova, Turubanova.     

DEVELOPMENT OF AN INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY INDEX FOR AN ALABAMA COASTAL PLAIN WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Activities such as agriculture, silviculture, and mining contribute nonpoint pollution to Alabama's streams through polluted runoff and excessive sedimentation. Highly erodible soils characteristic of the Choctawhatchee‐Pea Rivers watershed, combined with intense rainfall and land use practices, contribute large amounts of sediment to streams. Biological monitoring can reflect the acute impacts of pollutants as well as prolonged effects of habitat alteration, and development of biological criteria is important for the establishment of enforceable laws regarding nonpoint source pollution. Macroinvertebrates were collected from 49 randomly selected sites from first through sixth‐order streams in the Choctawhatchee‐Pea Rivers watershed and were identified to genus level. Thirty‐eight candidate metrics were examined, and an invertebrate community index (ICI) was calibrated by eliminating metrics that failed to separate impaired from unimpaired streams. Each site was scored with those metrics, and narrative scores were assigned based on ICI scores. Least impacted sites scored significantly lower than sites impacted by row crop agriculture, cattle, and urban land uses. Conditions in the watershed suggest that the entire area has experienced degradation through past and current land use practices. An initial validation of the index was performed and is described. Additional evaluations of the index are in progress.     

Learning from others: the scope and challenges for participatory disaster risk assessment

This paper develops a framework based on procedural, methodological and ideological elements of participatory vulnerability and risk assessment tools for placing individual approaches within the wide range of work that claims a participatory, local or community orientation. In so doing it draws on relevant experience from other areas of development practice from which the disasters field can learn. Participatory disaster risk assessments are examined for their potential to be empowering, to generate knowledge, to be scaled up, to be a vehicle for negotiating local change and as part of multiple-methods approaches to disaster risk identification and reduction. The paper is a response to an international workshop on Community Risk Assessment organised by ProVention Consortium and the Disaster Mitigation for Sustainable Livelihoods Programme, University of Cape Town. The workshop brought together practitioners and academics to review the challenges and opportunities for participatory methodologies in the field of disaster risk reduction. In conclusion the contribution made by participatory methodologies to global disaster risk reduction assessment and policy is discussed.