FAE威力评价方法与目标防护分析

对燃料空气炸药（ＦＡＥ）爆炸场特性进行了分析;从冲击波超压－ 冲量毁伤准则出发,提出一种以靶板毁伤效应为评价依据的ＦＡＥ威力评价方法,并结合易损性等效原理,对不同毁伤等级下目标防护问题进行了分析     

城市突发公共安全事件人员相对脆弱性研究

设计了基于人员相对脆弱性判断和经验正交函数分解的城市突发事件人员相对脆弱性研究方法,以河南省焦作市为例,将城市划分为8个风险区,选择20项脆弱性影响因子,首先对每个脆弱性因子在8个风险区的人员脆弱性构造判断矩阵,然后以判断矩阵为基础进一步构造人员相对脆弱性矩阵,最后用经验正交函数方法研究突发事件人员相对脆弱性,分析突发事件人员脆弱性影响因子的区域差异,探讨了脆弱性因子和风险区之间的组合特征及变化规律,为城市人员脆弱性的研究提供一种新的思路,并为突发事件人员脆弱性的治理提供科学依据。     

Assessing coastal vulnerability to climate change: comparing segmentation at global and regional scales

Recent concerns about potential climate-change effects on coastal systems require the application of vulnerability assessment tools in order to define suitable adaptation strategies and improve coastal zone management effectiveness. In fact, while various research efforts were devoted to evaluate coastal vulnerability to climate change on a national to global level, fewer applications were carried out so far to develop more comprehensive and site-specific vulnerability assessments suitable to plan possible adaptation measures at the regional scale. In this respect, specific indicators are needed to address climate-change-related issues for coastal zones and to identify vulnerable areas at the regional level. Two sets of coastal vulnerability indicators were selected, one for regional and one for global studies, respectively, concerning the same features of coastal systems, including topography and slope, geomorphological characteristics, presence and distribution of wetlands and vegetation cover, density of coastal population and number of coastal inhabitants. The proposed set of indicators for the regional scale was chosen taking into account the availability of environmental and territorial data for the whole coastal area of the Veneto region and was based on site-specific datasets characterized by a spatial resolution appropriate for a regional analysis. Moreover, a GIS-based segmentation procedure was applied to divide the coastline into linear segments, homogeneous in terms of vulnerability to climate change and sea-level rise at the regional scale. This approach allowed to divide the Veneto shoreline into 140 segments with an average length of about 1 km, while the global scale approach identified four coastal segments with an average length of about 66 km. The performed comparison indicated how the more detailed approach adopted at the regional scale is essential to understand and manage the complexities of the specific study area. In fact, the 25-m DEM employed at the regional scale provided a more accurate differentiation of the coastal area's elevation and thus of coastal susceptibility to the inundation risks, compared to the 1-km DEM used at the global level. Moreover, at the regional level the use of a 1:20,000 geomorphological map allowed to differentiate the unique landform class detected at the global level (e.g., fluvial plain) in a variety of more detailed coastal typologies (e.g., open coast eroding sandy shores backed by bedrock) characterized by a different sensitivity to climate change and sea-level rise. Accordingly, the information provided by regional indicators can support decision-makers in improving the management of coastal resources by considering the potential impacts of climate change and in the definition of appropriate actions to reduce inundation risks, to avoid the potential loss of valuable wetlands and vegetation and to plan the nourishment of sandy beaches subject to erosion processes.     

中国粮食安全系统脆弱性评价及其驱动机制分析

从粮食安全系统的视角出发,运用VSD的脆弱性分析框架,从暴露性、敏感性、适应能力三个层面构建了中国粮食安全脆弱性评价指标体系,采用主成分分析方法对1991-2015年中国粮食安全脆弱性的暴露性、敏感性、适应能力进行定量分析,并探究了中国粮食安全脆弱性变化的总体趋势及其驱动因子。研究结果表明：（1）暴露性指数呈现出2阶段下降特征,年均下降0.121;敏感性指数呈现出快速上升和基本稳定的两阶段变化特征;适应能力指数则一直上升,年均提高0.117。（2）1991-2015年粮食安全系统脆弱性指数整体呈现下降趋势,表明中国粮食安水平有了明显提高;其变化过程可划分为1991-1999年、2000-2003年和2004-2015年三个阶段,第一、二阶段粮食安全水平的总体提高是基于“吃饱”水平上的提高,而第三阶段是基于“吃好”水平上的提高。（3）人均GDP、城镇化水平和城乡居民人均可支配收入四个因子共同驱动中国粮食安全脆弱性的变化,2000-2015年的第二阶段四因子对粮食安全脆弱性的驱动作用明显小于1991-1999的第一阶段,且第一驱动因子由第一阶段的农村居民人均可支配收入转变为第二阶段的人均GDP和城镇居民可支配收入。     

二氧化碳驱油安全性研究现状及发展趋势

在能源紧缺和节能减排的背景下,二氧化碳驱油产业化应用前景广阔,但由此而来的风险不容忽视。以二氧化碳驱油广泛开展、安全问题日益突显为背景,综述了二氧化碳驱油安全性研究现状,指出完善二氧化碳驱油安全性评价体系势在必行,脆弱性评价为其提供了新思路。     

基于VSD模型的经济发达地区生态脆弱性评价——以太湖流域为例

自然与人为双重因素导致的生态脆弱性是研究关注的热点,但是较少有研究定量揭示2种因素共同作用下的生态脆弱区的空间格局,并提出针对性的空间管制措施。本文以经济发达的太湖流域为案例,借助Polsky等人提出的VSD模型,通过暴露度、敏感性和适应能力分解脆弱性,并构建包含自然和人为因素在内的、由10个要素和21个指标组成的指标体系,对太湖流域生态脆弱性进行定量评价,结果表明：（1）暴露度、敏感性、适应能力和生态脆弱性均呈现“东北高、西南低”格局;（2）太湖流域以中低强度的脆弱区为主,不脆弱区、一般脆弱区、较脆弱区、很脆弱区和极脆弱区占比分别为19%、26%、33%、15%和7%;（3）现状建设用地绝大部分分布于相对脆弱的区域内,不同类型建设用地的分布特征存在明显差异,城乡居住用地主要分布于较脆弱区和很脆弱区内,独立工业用地主要分布在较脆弱区、很脆弱区和极脆弱区内,交通用地则主要分布于一般脆弱区和较脆弱区内;（4）原有自然因素导致的脆弱性依然存在,人类活动强度增大已经成为是太湖流域脆弱性的主要诱因,人类活动范围的扩大和强度的增加将会导致脆弱性的进一步增高。结合脆弱性分区及其诱因,对不同类型脆弱区提出了空间开发或生态保护的建议和措施。极脆弱区以疏散人口和产业、强化生态建设为主;很脆弱区和较脆弱区是未来开发建设的重点,要坚持适度开发、生态开发,避免脆弱性提高;一般脆弱区作为区域开敞空间,以农业生产为主,坚持点状开发;不脆弱区以生态建设和环境保护为主,是太湖流域主要的生态服务供应地。     

Constructing a holistic approach to disaster risk reduction: the significance of focusing on vulnerability reduction

As a result of the increase in natural disaster losses, policy‐makers, practitioners, and members of the research community around the world are seeking effective and efficient means of overcoming or minimising them. Although various theoretical constructs are beneficial to understanding the disaster phenomenon and the means of minimising losses, the disaster risk management process becomes less effective if theory and practice are set apart from one another. Consequently, this paper seeks to establish a relationship between two theoretical constructs, ‘disaster risk reduction (DRR)’ and ‘vulnerability reduction’, and to develop a holistic approach to DRR with particular reference to improving its applicability in practical settings. It is based on a literature review and on an overall understanding gained through two case studies of post‐disaster infrastructure reconstruction projects in Sri Lanka and three expert interviews in Sri Lanka and the United Kingdom.     

Attitude before method: disability in vulnerability and capacity assessment

Many agencies working on disaster risk reduction use vulnerability and capacity assessment (VCA) to identify vulnerable groups, to assess their needs and capacities, and to develop appropriate programmes and policies. In theory, VCA offers a good opportunity to incorporate disabled people's needs and resources in counter‐disaster programming. This paper seeks to establish and explain the extent to which disability is included in VCA in practice. It reviews VCA reports and findings, formal VCA guidance, and other methodological literature. The review indicates that disability is a neglected issue in VCA practice and that manuals and guidelines, while promoting the general ideal of inclusiveness, are insufficiently aware of the challenges to achieving this in practice and do not offer enough guidance on how to reach and include disabled people. Ways of overcoming these problems are suggested. However, the real challenge may be to change core attitudes and perceptions of disability within implementing organisations.     

四川冬小麦产量对气候变化的敏感性和脆弱性研究

论文以四川冬小麦种植区1981—2012年88个县的气象观测数据和冬小麦生产数据为基础,采用一元线性回归和逐步回归等方法,评价四川冬小麦产量对单个气候因子及气候变化的敏感性与脆弱性。结果显示：假设冬小麦生育期内平均气温和日较差升高1 ℃、降水量下降100 mm、辐射量下降100 MJ/m²,冬小麦的产量随之发生变化,全生育期降水量下降导致产量敏感的面积最大,占整个研究区域播种总面积的6.5%;而辐射量下降使产量脆弱的面积最大,为2.4%。从各个生育阶段来看,研究区域内冬小麦产量对播种到拔节期辐射量下降表现为敏感和脆弱的面积比例最大,分别占9.4%和7.9%。受到4种气候因子变化的综合影响,产量对冬小麦生育期内气候变化表现为敏感的面积占播种总面积的40.0%,在7个冬麦区均有分布,产量变化为-23.0%~9.5%;产量脆弱的面积占14.0%,主要分布在川西北高原大部及盆西、盆南和川西南的部分区域。     

社区安全脆弱性评估模型的构建与应用

为了准确衡量社区的安全水平,提出了社区安全脆弱性的概念模型,并分析社区安全脆弱性的影响因素。通过由人员特征、基础设施、社区环境和管理水平构成的结构性因素和由自然风险、人为风险构成的胁迫性因素,构建出社区安全脆弱性评估模型,并选取3个代表性社区进行实证分析。结果表明:社区安全脆弱性评估模型计算得出的社区安全脆弱性指数,与社区安全的评估水平相吻合,能够准确反映出社区安全状况。