基于RS和GIS的陕西省洛川县土地利用类型和植被覆盖变化特征

明确土地利用类型转变和植被覆盖度变化的范围、幅度和归因是评估生态工程环境效应的前提。然而,在黄土高原塬区县域尺度类似的研究鲜有报道。基于长时间序列NDVI数据和Landsat系列卫星数据,探究了黄土高原洛川县土地利用和植被覆盖度的变化状况。结果表明：退耕还林（草）工程实施以来,洛川县植被覆盖度从0.6（2000年）增至0.9（2020年）,耕地面积减少了481.8 km²,其中212.8 km²为坡度＜15°的适耕区转为苹果园,耕地改种苹果后植被覆盖度从0.5增至0.8。由于坡耕地还林草的面积在洛川县土地变化总面积中仅占1.5%,远小于其他地类改种苹果的面积（占20.0%）,因此,洛川县植被覆盖度的提升主要是政府大力推广苹果树种植的结果。本研究可为黄土高原经济林建设提供基础数据和科学参考。     

Retention and rainfastness of mancozeb as affected by physicochemical characteristics of adaxial apple leaf surface after enhanced UV-B radiation

It is not clear so far whether alteration of leaf micromorphology and surface wax chemistry due to the impact of environmental factors, such as UV-B radiation, affects retention and rainfastness of applied pesticide solutions. In this study; UV-B treated and untreated adaxial leaf surfaces of apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.) were characterized in terms of chemical composition, micromorphological fine structure, hydrophobicity, and wettability. Furthermore, the retention and rainfastness of applied fungicide mancozeb were studied. The samples were examined 0, 24 and 48 h after ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation (0.022 kW m^{? 2} for 150 min) The total wax mass, recovered from the adaxial leaf surface, amounted from 0.38 μ g cm^{? 2} (control) up to 0.49 μ g cm^{? 2} (24 h). Chemical composition of surface wax altered, whereas the contact angle of applied water droplets on leaf surface of UV-B treated plants did not change significantly compared to the control. The alteration of surface wax quantity and quality significantly affected retention of a.i.; it increased at a sampling time of 24 h after UV-B irradiation, whereas rainfastness of the fungicide spray solution was not significantly influenced.     

Seasonal variation in the atmospheric deposition of inorganic constituents and canopy interactions in a Japanese cedar forest

The seasonal changes in throughfall (TF) and stemflow (SF) chemistry and the canopy interactions of K+ and N compounds were studied in a Japanese cedar forest near the Sea of Japan. The fluxes of most ions, including non-sea-salt SO4(2-), from TF, SF, and rainfall showed distinct seasonal trends, increasing from autumn to winter, owing to the seasonal west wind, while the fluxes of NH4+ and K+ ions from TF+SF might have a large effect of canopy interactions. The contact angle (CA) of water droplets on leaves decreased with leaf aging, suggesting that surface wettability increases with leaf age. The K+ concentration in TF was negatively correlated with the CA of 1-year-old leaves, while the NH4+ concentration was positively correlated with the CA. The net fluxes of NH4+ and NO3(-) from TF were positively correlated with the CA. The increase in wettability may accelerate leaching of K+ or uptake of NH4+.     

Comparison of the Photodegradation of Imazethapyr in Aqueous Solution,on Epicuticular Waxes,and on Intact Corn (Zea Mays) and Soybean (Glycine Max) Leaves

A direct, controlled comparison of the photodegradation of imazethapyr has been made between imazethapyr in aqueous solutions, imazethapyr on the surface of epicuticular waxes of corn and soybean plants, and imazethapyr on the surface of intact corn and soybean plant leaves. In some experiments, the imazethapyr solutions were allowed to evaporate partially or fully after application to better model environmental conditions. The photodegradation of imazethapyr was fastest in aqueous solutions (k?=?0.16?±?0.02?h^?1) and slowest on the surface of corn and soybean plants (k_corn?=?0.00048?±?0.001?h^?1 and k_soy?=?0.00054?±?0.003?h^?1). Experiments allowing evaporation during irradiation have intermediate rate constants (e.g., k_corn?=?0.082?±?0.005?h^?1). Finally, identification of photoproducts was also examined on epicuticular waxes of corn and soybean plants for the first time.     

水足迹视角下黄土高原经济林果扩张的水安全风险分析——以苹果种植为例

以苹果为主的黄土高原经济林果种植规模持续扩张,耗水量不断增多,潜在的水安全风险增大。量化苹果生产水足迹,讨论苹果生产扩张带来的水安全风险,对科学指导未来黄土高原苹果健康发展具有重要意义。本文基于ArcGIS和CROPWAT软件,选取2000—2019年黄土高原44个市（州）,探究了苹果水足迹的时空分布规律及水安全风险。结果表明：2000—2019年,黄土高原苹果种植面积增长了1.3倍,产量增长了3.1倍,呈“北移西扩”的发展趋势;苹果绿水足迹占比的空间分布与降雨量基本一致,从东南向西北递减,蓝水足迹空间分布正好相反;苹果水足迹总量从74.42亿m³增长到108.04亿m³,占农业耗水量的比例由42.78%提升至65.63%,灰水足迹占比高达13.88%,黄土高原苹果生产面临严峻的水安全风险。因此,应适度控制黄土高原苹果种植规模的进一步扩张。本文可为评价黄土高原苹果种植规模扩张背后的水安全风险提供依据。     

千米桥潜山构造高蜡凝析油气藏的蜡质来源研究

千米桥古潜山奥陶系凝析油以高含蜡为特征。为探讨凝析油气藏中的高蜡成因机理 ,对黄骅坳陷近3 0年来 3 3 0 0多个第三系原油油样含蜡量的时空分布特征进行了研究。发现原油含蜡量的垂向分布主要受自下而上运移过程中的“地色层效应”所控制 ,对最接近油藏原始蜡质保存条件的试油含蜡量的层位分布统计研究也支持上述观点 ,说明无论是初次运移还是二次运移 ,随距离的增加含蜡量逐渐降低 ,亦即含蜡量较高的原油更靠近烃源岩。板桥油田和港东部分地区沙三段产层 (凝析油烃源层 )的含蜡量平面分布研究 ,表明千米桥古潜山奥陶系高蜡凝析油的蜡质来源于歧口凹陷方向的白水头地区 ,与白水头地区原油高分子量蜡馏分的指纹对比及含氮化合物、成熟度等多项指标也证实了上述结论     

Distributions and sources of n-alkanes in PM2:5 at urban, industrial and coastal sites in Tianjin, China

Aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-alkanes) associated with fine particulate matter were determined in the ambient air of urban, industrial and coastal areas in Tianjin, China, where intensive coal burning for industrial and domestic purpose takes place. n-Alkane homologues from C12 to C35 were quantifiable in all samples with C20–C31 being the most abundant species. Average concentrations of the total n-alkanes were 148.7, 250.1 and 842.0 ng/m3 in July, April and January, respectively. Seasonal variations were mainly attributed to ambient temperature changes and coal combustion for residential heating. Among the three studied areas, the highest levels of n-alkanes were observed in the industrial complex in winter and spring, but in summer the coastal alkane concentration moved up to the highest. A mono-modal distribution for n-alkanes was observed in spring and summer with odd carbon number predominance and a maximum centered at C27–C31, suggesting the release of plant wax into the atmosphere. The bimodal distribution with maxima at C22 and C26 observed in winter indicated a substantial influence of fossil fuel sources. All the CPIs (CPI1, CPI2, CPI3) values, varying between 0.64 and 1.97, indicated the influence of anthropogenic emissions on fine organic aerosols. The estimated contributions of plant wax to total n-alkanes were on average of 12.9%, 19.1% and 26.1% for winter, spring and summer, respectively.     

中国产区苹果越冬冻害的风险评估

越冬期冻害是影响苹果种植分布和质量形成的主要气象灾害之一。论文利用1961-2014年2 084个气象站点资料和冻害调查数据,基于二分类Logistic回归分别建立了越冬期初冬冻害和极端低温冻害发生的概率预测模型,并按照风险极低、低、中度、高、极高等5个等级进行了空间划分。结果表明：建立的初冬冻害和极端低温冻害风险概率预测模型均通过了Hosmer-Losmer检验,独立样本的预测准确率分别达到了83.6%和91.4%。中国产区苹果的越冬冻害主要以初冬冻害为主,覆盖了除黄河故道和云南产区外的大部分果区,而极端低温冻害主要分布在纬度或海拔较高的环渤海湾北部产区、黄土高原西北部和北疆。两种冻害的高风险区域面积基本相当,中度以上风险面积较大的省份依次为甘肃、辽宁、河北和山西,但苹果种植面积最大的陕西和山东遭遇两种冻害特别是极端低温冻害的风险概率总体较低。     

用表面活性剂溶液回收炼油厂废白土中的蜡和油及废白土的综合利用

对表面活性剂溶液回收炼油厂废白土中的石蜡和润滑油脱蜡脱油废白土的再生活化、综合利用进行实验研究。通过对表面活性剂的筛选及工艺条件最优化,使蜡和油的回收率分别达到93％和95％,再生白土的脱色效率优于新鲜活性白土。用脱蜡脱油废白土为原料制取的白炭黑和4A沸石的质量均达到国家标准。     

液膜乳化法处理炼油厂精制石蜡废白土

稀碱液在蒸汽搅拌作用下与含蜡废白土接触反应以减弱和破坏废白土的表面能、孔结构及酸性吸附中心的活性,使石蜡充分释出,同时,反应生成物构成的表面活性剂所产生的乳化作用,促使石蜡充分转入水相,形成水包油的不稳定液膜,加水稀释后自然破乳化,石蜡回收率可达90％.