大型博览会前期消防监督及设计审核探讨

近年来,国内举办的各类博览会内容繁多,如车展、服装展、机电展、大型机械、油煤化工、农产品、园林技术以及各类综合性展览,展会消防安全工作尤为重要.布展期间的消防设计审核作为展会消防工作的源头,是消防监督人员及展会相关工作人员应当提前介入、重点把关的首要问题.笔者根据各地参加展会工作实践经验,针对大型展会布展中的特装展位消防设计审核工作进行探讨,包括布展前期告知事项、特装展位设计审核及特装布展施工监督管理等方面的具体要求,从源头保证大型博览会的消防安全.     

上海南区污水输送干线世博期间排水安全保障

上海世界博览会将于2010年5月至10月召开,会展期跨越上海市夏季主汛期。届时如何保障世博园区的排水安全和水质安全,对接纳园区污水的已建干线排水系统是一个极大的考验。通过建立上海市南干线排水管网系统的数学水力集成模型,对世博园区污水接入后南干线的水力状态进行模拟,预测世博园区的排水风险,提出世博期间南干线的排水安全保障方案,为世博会期间的防洪保安奠定基础。     

我国资源经济与世界资源研究进展及展望

自然资源是人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础。资源短缺是我国社会经济发展的重要限制因素,未来这一矛盾将会更加突出。资源经济学是研究经济发展与资源开发、利用、保护、分配和管理之间关系的一门综合学科。加强资源经济与世界资源的研究,对实现我国可持续发展具有重要的战略意义。为适应国家发展的需求,我国在国内资源与资源科学领域研究已取得显著进展。同时,积极关注和研究世界资源问题,并取得了较大成就。这些研究为资源经济学发展提出新的需求,积累了丰厚的研究资料、实践经验、研究方法以及系统的理论准备,促进了资源经济的研究及学科不断成长与发展,并为国家发展做出重要贡献。论文着重分析资源经济学和世界资源的研究进展,对我国资源经济和世界资源研究进展及其成果进行总结和评析,对我国资源经济和世界资源研究发展趋势进行展望,提出新时期主要的研究方向和重点领域。     

Human immuno-deficiency virus and infant feeding in complex humanitarian emergencies: priorities and policy considerations

Issues surrounding mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS pose considerable challenges in complex humanitarian emergencies. The risk of vertical transmission through breastfeeding is well recognised, but safe alternatives are limited by the social, economic and environmental conditions of emergency situations. In 2000, the World Health Organisation published a technical report on behalf of the UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/UNAIDS Inter-agency Task Team on Mother-to-child Transmission of HIV which outlined revised recommendations for infant feeding by HIV-positive women. This paper outlines reasons why these recommendations may be insufficient during the initial stages of complex humanitarian emergencies and proposes recommendations for establishing infant-feeding policy. Methods of mother-to-child transmission of HIV are reviewed and recent research findings are discussed. Rationale for modifying the 2000 UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/UNAIDS infant-feeding recommendations in complex emergency situations is explored from the perspective of the infant, the mother and humanitarian field staff. Ethical limitations and future priorities are considered. The paper concludes with recommendations and a policy decision-making framework for consideration during the initial stages of humanitarian crises.     

Single particle analysis of ambient aerosols in Shanghai during the World Exposition, 2010: two case studies

ATSI Model 3800 aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) was deployed for single-particle analysis in Shanghai during the World Exposition (EXPO), 2010. Measurements on two extreme cases: polluted day (1st May) and clean day (25th September) were compared to show how meteorological conditions affected the concentration and composition of ambient aerosols. Mass spectra of 90496 and 50407 particles were analyzed respectively during the two sampling periods. The ART-2a neural network algorithm was applied to sort the collected particles. Seven major classes of particles were obtained: dust, sea salt, industrial, biomass burning, organic carbon (OC), elementary carbon (EC), and NH₄-rich particles. Number concentration of ambient aerosols showed a strong anti-correlation with the boundary layer height variation. The external mixing states of aerosols were quite different during two sampling periods because of different air parcel trajectories. Number fraction of biomass burning particles (43.3%) during polluted episode was much higher than that (21.6%) of clean time. Air parcels from the East China Sea on clean day diluted local pollutant concentration and increased the portion of sea salt particle dramatically (13.3%). The large contribution of biomass burning particles in both cases might be an indication of a constant regional background of biomass burning emission. Mass spectrum analysis showed that chemical compositions and internal mixing states of almost all the particle types were more complicate during polluted episode compared with those observed in clean time. Strong nitrate signals in the mass spectra suggested that most of the particles collected on polluted day had gone through some aging processes before reaching the sampling site.     

Ergonomic Aspects of a Virtual Environment

A virtual environment is an interactive graphic system mediated through computer technology that allows a certain level of reality or a sense of presence to access virtual information. To create reality in a virtual environment, ergonomics issues are explored in this paper, aiming to develop the design of presentation formats with related information, that is possible to attain and to maintain user-friendly application.     

世界自然遗产地面临的威胁及中国的保护对策

中国的自然遗产事业方兴未艾,但自然遗产地的保护状况令人担忧。论文以广泛的基础资料收集为前提,分析论证了自然遗产地保护的完整性原则,并对全球范围内世界自然遗产地的威胁因素进行了定量化统计评价。结合中国世界自然遗产地的保护状况,提出了中国自然遗产地的保护对策。     

Imagining Postscience: Heidegger and Development Communication

Modernization, the dominant contemporary model of development, has technoscientific rationality as its base. Alternatively, development can be understood as the ascent of individuals and communities toward their own conceptions of the good life. Such an understanding of development, it is argued, cannot be communicated under technoscientific assumptions. Instead, under the light of Heidegger's critique of technoscience and his philosophy of communication, a postscientific perspective is invoked for communicating development as good life, less violent to human communities and the environment, and less monolithic in design. Postscience evokes the multiplicity of ways in which we seek credibility for our projects in opposition to the monistic conception of truth and meaning in the technoscientific paradigm. Exploiting Heidegger's understanding of the world-disclosive power of language, development communication is understood as disclosing the genuine possibilities for the good life, concealed in a people's world, in an authentic act of engagement between the people and the communicator of development.     

世界三大黑土区水土流失与防治比较分析

论文首先明晰了黑土及黑土区的概念与范围界定,将中国东北黑土区分为典型黑土区与黑土区两个层次。在此基础上对世界三大黑土区在成土条件,开发利用过程、水土流失及水土流失防治模式方面进行了对比分析。通过比较分析认为:在自然条件上虽然三大黑土区具有一定的相似性,但我国东北黑土区由于地势起伏相对较大,更易遭受水土流失的危害;国外两大黑土区大规模的开发利用比我国黑土区相对早一些,大规模的农业开垦与不合理的耕作方式是世界三大黑土区水土流失与土地退化的主要原因;国外两大黑土区主要以风蚀为主,我国东北黑土区则是以水蚀为主,但风蚀面积也较大;国外两大黑土区在耕作制度、土地使用政策、水土保持资金投入、水土保持宣传教育及科学试验等方面已经采取了相对有效的措施,我国在这些方面还相对滞后。通过对国外黑土区水土流失治理的借鉴与思考,提出了我国东北黑土区在水土流失防治方面亟待解决的几个问题。     

旅游活动对九寨沟地表径流氮磷流失的影响研究

2005年4—9月,选择九寨沟旅游热点景点五花海与珍珠滩,设置了4组对比样地(干扰与未干扰对照),采用径流实验方法定位监测了25个降雨事件下的地表径流、湖边水体与地表降水中的全氮、全磷含量,分析了旅游活动对九寨沟核心景区林下地表径流与湖边水质中氮/磷含量的影响,探讨了旅游活动对湖泊水质变化的影响。研究发现:(1)地表径流中的全氮/全磷含量均显著高于近地表层降水中的全氮与全磷,也显著高于天然降水中的含量;(2)旅游活动后,径流全氮和全磷含量都增大;(3)径流全氮和全磷含量与土壤物理因子呈显著相关关系,地被覆盖因子中的凋落物因子影响径流全磷含量较显著;(4)地表径流全氮、全磷含量大于湖边水全氮、全磷含量,两者之间为正相关关系,表明旅游活动引起了氮/磷向湖泊的输入加大。研究结果提示,控制游客的游径扩大,湖岸边地被层植被恢复等措施是削减湖泊富营养化的有效措施。