Interfacial forces between silica surfaces measured by atomic force microscopy

Colloidal particle stability and some other interfacial phenomena are governed by interfacial force interactions. The two well known forces are van der Waals force and electrostatic force, as documented by the classical Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (DLVO) theory. Moreover, advances in modern instrumentation and colloid science suggested that some short-ranged forces or structure forces are important for relevant colloidal systems. The interfacial and/or molecular forces can be measured as a resultant force as function of separation distance by atomic force microscopy (AFM) colloid probe. This article presents a discussion on AFM colloid probe measurement of silica particle and silica wafer surfaces in solutions with some technical notifications in measurement and data convolution mechanisms. The measured forces are then analyzed and discussed based on the ‘constant charge’ and ‘constant potential’ models of DLVO theory. The di erence between the prediction of DLVO theory and the measured results indicates that there is a strong short-range structure force between the two hydrophilic surfaces, even at extremely low ionic concentration, such as Milli-Q water purity solution.     

Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange over ITO/CdS/ZnO interface composite films

ITO/CdS/ZnO interface composite films were successfully prepared by subsequent electrodeposition of CdS and ZnO onto indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrates. The obtained ITO/CdS/ZnO composite films were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of ITO/CdS/ZnO composite films were investigated using methyl orange (MO) as a model organic compound under UV light irradiation. The influence of operating parameters on MO degradation including initial concentration of MO, pH value of solution, and inorganic anion species over the composite films were examined. A blue shift of absorption threshold was observed for the ITO/CdS/ZnO film in comparison with ITO/ZnO film. ITO/CdS/ZnO composite films prepared under specific conditions showed a higher photocatalytic activity than that of ITO/ZnO films. It was also found that the photocatalytic degradation of MO on the composite filing followed pseudo-first order kinetics.     

水固液微界面氧化还原反应过程与污染物控制研究

本文介绍了3个反应体系,包括铁锰复合氧化物氧化吸附除砷体系、铁氧化物包覆零价铁光芬顿催化和负载型多价态锰氧化物臭氧催化体系,通过固液微界面不同的氧化还原反应,实现了对水中砷和难降解有机污染物的高效去除.重点介绍了不同氧化还原反应对污染物转移转化的作用机制,说明了水体中固液微界面氧化还原反应,对污染物的转移转化起着重要作用.     

气溶胶质谱仪在研究有机气溶胶环境微界面过程中的应用

有机气溶胶非均相和多相反应是复杂的微界面过程,它涉及气体的吸附、扩散、反应和解吸,传统的化学分析仪器不能提供完整实时的微界面过程的化学反应信息.气溶胶质谱仪是近年来发展起来用于实时分析颗粒物化学组分的重要仪器,它弥补了传统化学分析仪器,如GC/MS在实时分析上的不足,为研究有机气溶胶非均相化学反应的微界面过程提供了新的方法.本文旨在介绍气溶胶质谱仪的结构及其在研究有机气溶胶环境微界面过程中的应用.     

渤海莱州湾沉积物-水界面溶解无机氮的扩散通量

为了解不同条件下沉积物中有机物对水体无机氮的贡献,采用野外采样和现场培养法,在１９９７－０５和１９９７－０７莱州湾２个航次进行了沉积物－水界面营养盐扩散通量的实验研究,ＮＯ－３和ＮＨ＋４的扩散通量分别为０．０３８—３．６５ｍｍｏｌ／（ｍ２·ｄ）和０．９６—２．５２ｍｍｏｌ／（ｍ２·ｄ）．培养结果说明充氮或充空气与加氯化汞或不加氯化汞对沉积物－水界面溶解无机氮的扩散通量没有明显影响．莱州湾底部营养盐的扩散通量与其它地区比较处于中等偏上水平．     

南京玄武湖底泥磷释放复水模拟实验研究

重点分析了底泥营养物的分层分布对湖泊水质的影响强度;模拟了复水过程底泥内营养盐中的磷的释放规律;建立了上覆水中磷浓度变化对界面物质交换的影响方程。模拟分析研究表明,分布在底泥沉积物的无机态营养盐在较长时间内都将持续影响湖体水质,实验结果对实施生态湖建设及防止湖体富营养化具有一定意义。     

渤海大沽河河口底质-水界面耗氧特性

通过对天津大沽河河口底质-水界面细菌降解有机物的耗氧模拟实验,研究河口底质生物耗氧机制。探讨了底质-水界面有机物的耗氧特点及总耗氧中生物耗氧和非生物耗氧所占比例。通过底质-水界面细菌种类、数量、有机物和无机物的含量来判断细菌对含碳源、氮源的有机物的作用。结果表明,20℃,0～14h内,实验期间内平水期河口底质-水界面的生物耗氧和非生物耗氧的比例分别为82 1%和17 9%。异养细菌与有机物及营养盐有较好的正相关关系。河口底质-水界面中异养细菌的组成以革兰氏阳性菌为主,占66%,革兰氏阴性菌只占34%。      

Surface microlayer enrichment of volatile organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds in drinking water source

Enrichment of volatile organic compounds(VOC) and semi-volatility organic compounds(SVOC) in surface microlayer(SM) of three ddnking water sources were studied. The enrichment factor(EFs) were 0.67 to 13.37 and 0.16 to 136, respectively. The results showed some VOC and most SVOC could enrich in SM. Some EFs of SVOC was quite high. Suspension and temperature could affect EFs of SVOC, slim wind and water movement do not destroy enrichment of organic in SM.     

GO-TiO2改性中空纤维膜的制备条件及抗污染性能研究

以氧化石墨烯(GO)与纳米二氧化钛(TiO_2)为改性剂,采用界面聚合法与抽滤吸附结合,对聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维超滤膜(简称原膜)进行表面改性,得到新型纳米改性膜(简称GO-TiO_2改性膜).研究改性膜的制备工艺条件及其对腐殖酸(HA)的吸附截留性能与抗污染特性.结果表明:(1)最佳制备工艺条件为:钛酸丁酯2 m L、GO 1 mg、间苯二胺1%(质量分数)、间苯二胺浸泡时间8 min、均苯三甲酰氯0.2%(质量分数)、均苯三甲酰氯浸泡时间10 min;(2)亲水性提高显著,亲水性表面为GO-聚酰胺-TiO_2复合结构,改性膜接触角由80.6°±1.8°下降到38.6°±1.2°;(3)抗污染性能提高明显.改性膜通量总衰减率由改性前的51.2%下降到35.6%,过滤周期约为原膜的2.5倍;反冲洗后膜通量恢复率由69%提高到96%.