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61.
Godwin Chigaekwu Ezeh Imoh Bassey Obioh Olabode Idowu Asubiojo Chinwe Azuka Onwudiegwu Christian Kouassi Nuviadenu Sulyman B. Ayinla 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(3):326-333
AbstractAirborne particulate matter PM2.5 was collected in an industrial, a low-density, and a high-density residential area of Lagos from December 2010 to November 2011, and elemental composition was determined by proton-induced X-ray emission. Across the months, mass concentrations ranged from 13 to 237?µg?m?3, exceeding the World Health Organization guideline value of 10?µg?m?3. Data on 24 elements were obtained, with maximum values during Harmattan season months; source identification and apportionment studies by positive matrix factorization suggested that petroleum oil combustion (70%) was the major source of PM2.5 and could pose a great hazard to Lagos receptors. 相似文献
62.
Trace analysis of airborne toluene diisocyanate (TDI) vapor was accomplished by measuring the derivative using gas chromatography with electron‐capture detector after collecting gas samples with a microimpinger containing 2 ml toluene, 1 μl pentafluorobenzyl alcohol, and 1 μl triethylamine. The sampling efficiency was determined to be 99.4% for short‐term exposure level of TDI and the 2,4‐ and 2,6‐isomers of TDI were well separated. The derivative was identified to be a new compound with a molecular weight of 570 by mass spectrometry in fast atomic bombardment mode and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. This method is convenient and can be applied in the field where airborne TDI is in vapor form. 相似文献
63.
综采工作面粉尘浓度分布的数值解法 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
分析工作面流场和粉尘分布的特点,采用气──固两相流原理,导出描述综采工作面粉尘分布的数学模型。用数值方法一有限容积法求解数学模型,编制了计算综采工作面三维空间内风速和粉尘浓度分布的计算机程序。 相似文献
64.
Size distribution and anthropogenic sources apportionment of airborne trace metals in Kanazawa, Japan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Aerosol samples were collected from Kanazawa, Japan to examine the size distribution of 12 elements and to identify the major sources of anthropogenic elements. Key emission sources were identified and, concentrations contributed from individual sources were estimated as well. Concentrations of elements V, Ca, Cd, Fe, Ba, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr, Zn, Co and Cu in aerosols were determined with ICP-MS. The results showed that Ca, Mg, Sr, Mn, Co and Fe were mainly associated with coarse particles (>2.1 μm), primarily from natural sources. In contrast, the elements Zn, Ba, Cd, V, Pb and Cu dominated in fine aerosol particles (<2.1 μm), implying that the anthropogenic origin is the dominant source. Results of the factor analysis on elements with high EFCrust values (>10) showed that emissions from waste combustion in incinerators, oil combustion (involving waste oil burning and oil combustion in both incinerators and electricity generation plants), as well as coal combustion in electricity generation plants were major contributors of anthropogenic metals in the ambient atmosphere in Kanazawa. Quantitatively estimated sum of mean concentrations of anthropogenic elements from the key sources were in good agreement with the observed values. Results of this study elucidate the need for making pollution control strategy in this area. 相似文献
65.
Airborne fluoride was determined in the rainwater, surface soil and groundwater along a gradient of emission of a phosphate
fertilizer factory in Rio Grande, southern Brazil. Concentrations of fluoride in rainwater and groundwater achieved 3 mg l−1 and 5 mg l−1, respectively, and were dependent on pH. The fluoride deposited from emissions accumulated in a superficial horizon of soil
in quantities comparable to those in the manufactured end-products—up to 23,000 mg kg−1. Fluoride distribution in the environment is controlled by physical–chemical parameters of emission, rain intensity and soil
properties. The highest fluoride concentrations were registered at a close distance of up to 2 km from the factory. The distribution
of fluoride in groundwater resembled the same distribution in rainwater due to the high permeability of the local soils. Fluoride
penetration to the groundwater also depended on the type of vegetation cover. The groundwater in woodland areas was less affected
by contamination of fluoride than in the grassland areas, most probably because of the influence of eucalyptus throughfall,
which increases the pH of wet precipitates. 相似文献
66.
Angelo Cecinato Rosanna Mabilia Fabio Marino 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2000,34(29-30)
n-Alkanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanoic acids present in the inhalable fraction of airborne particles have been determined at the Italian scientific base sited in the area of Ny Alesund, Spitzbergen Island, Norway. Both the profiles of n-alkane and polynuclear aromatic congeners among the respective classes showed that anthropogenic sources were responsible for the presence of particulate organics in the atmosphere there, since the monomodal distribution of aliphatics and the fresh-emission shape of PAH fraction were observed. The total contents of n-alkanes and PAH ranged from 19 to 97 ng m−3 and from 0.6 to 2.0 ng m−3, respectively; n-alkanoic acids reached 6 ng m−3. The occurrence of nitrated-PAH of photochemical origin at trace extent (i.e. nitrated-fluoranthenes and nitropyrenes) has been also observed. Since the occurrence of OH radicals is required together with NOx for the processes leading to the generation of 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene would start, the detection of these nitrated species revealed the occurrence of photochemical processes in that region. 相似文献
67.
Increasing concerns about the spread of airborne pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) have attracted public attention to bioaerosols and protection against them. The airborne pathogens are likely to be expelled from coughing or speaking, so the physical data of the exhaled particles plays a key role in analyzing the pathway of airborne viruses. The objective of this study was to analyze the initial velocity and the angle of the exhaled airflow from coughing and speaking of 17 males and 9 females using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and acrylic indoor chamber. The results showed that the average initial coughing velocity was 15.3 m/s for the males and 10.6 m/s for the females, while the average initial speaking velocity was 4.07 m/s and 2.31 m/s respectively. The angle of the exhaled air from coughing was around 38° for the males and 32° for the females, while that of the exhaled air from speaking was around 49° and 78° respectively. Also, the linear relation between the tested subject’s height and their coughing and speaking velocity was shown in this study. 相似文献
68.
In this study, we assessed airborne endotoxin levels in university laboratories, hospital diagnostic laboratories, and a biowaste site. We also investigated indoor and outdoor sampling, sampling site, type of ventilation system, presence of open biowaste boxes, weather, and detection of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB). A total of 69 air samples were collected from 11 facilities in three institutions. Average total airborne endotoxin levels ranged from <0.01 to 10.02 EU m−3, with an overall mean of 1.03 EU m−3. Endotoxin levels were high in window-ventilated facilities, in facilities in which GNB were detected; levels were also high when it was rainy (all ps < 0.05). Endotoxin levels were significantly correlated with humidity (r = 0.70, p < 0.01). The presence of HVAC; humidity; and the presence of open biowaste boxes affect endotoxin levels in laboratories. 相似文献
69.
I. Vallés A. CamachoX. Ortega I. SerranoS. Blázquez S. Pérez 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009
Results for naturally occurring 7Be, 210Pb, 40K, 214Bi, 214Pb, 212Pb, 228Ac and 208Tl and anthropogenic 137Cs in airborne particulate matter in the Barcelona area during the period from January 2001 to December 2005 are presented and discussed. The 212Pb and 208Tl, 214Bi and 214Pb, 7Be and 210Pb radionuclide levels showed a significant correlation with each other, with correlation coefficients of 0.99, 0.78 and 0.69, respectively, suggesting similar origin/behaviour of these radionuclides in the air. Caessium-137 and Potassium-40 were transported to the air as resuspended particle from the soil. The 7Be and 210Pb concentrations showed similar seasonal variations, with a tendency for maximum concentrations during the summer months. An inverse relationship was observed between the 7Be, 210Pb, 40K and 137Cs concentrations and weekly rainfall, indicating washout of atmospheric aerosols carrying these radionuclides. 相似文献
70.
PCBs in air, soil and milk in industrialized and urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Batterman S Chernyak S Gouden Y Hayes J Robins T Chetty S 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(2):654-663
Information regarding polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in environmental media in Africa is limited. This paper presents results of a monitoring program conducted in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa designed to characterize levels, trends and sources of airborne PCBs. Particulate and vapor samples were sampled over the 2004-2005 period at three sites. The total PCB concentration averaged 128 ± 47 pg m−3, and levels were highest in winter. Tri- through hexa-congeners predominated, and the vapor fraction was predominant. Several tetra- through hexa-chlorinated congeners had levels comparable to those at urban sites in the northern hemisphere, but hepta- through deca-congeners resembled levels at background sites. PCB source areas, deduced using spatial and temporal patterns, compositional information and trajectory analyses, likely included local, regional and global sources. Soils at three rural sites showed high PCB concentrations, and milk from a local dairy showed PCB concentrations comparable to USA levels in year 2000. 相似文献