2,2’,4,4’—四溴联苯醚对2种赤潮微藻种间竞争的影响

基于Logistic种群增长模型,研究了2,2’,4,4’—四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)的亚急性毒性胁迫对不同初始接种生物量比的赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigmaakashiwo)和米氏凯伦藻(Kareniamikimotoi)种间作用的影响.结果发现:不同的初始接种生物量比影响微藻间的竞争.加入0.05、0.25 mg/LBDE-47后,对于K. mikimotoi而言,不同初始生物量比的处理组表现出高浓度组的最大环境容纳量、种群瞬时增长率均大于低浓度组(P<0.05),而H. akashiwo高浓度组的最大环境容纳量、种群瞬时增长率均小于低浓度组(P<0.05).微藻之间的竞争表现出向着对K. mikimotoi有益方向发展的规律,因此一定浓度下的BDE-47干扰了两种微藻之间的竞争.     

典型电器工业区河涌沉积物中的多溴联苯醚空间和垂直分布

对珠江三角洲佛山市顺德区容桂镇电器工业区河涌沉积物多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的含量进行了空间和垂直分布研究.选择该镇中心城区内河涌作为研究河道,根据河涌水流情况选取8个采样点采集沉积物样品.所有样品中均检出PBDEs.各监测点的PBDEs总含量变化范围为62～349 ng.g-1(平均为178 ng.g-1),各采样点的浓度差异较大.其中,十溴联苯醚含量为56～337 ng.g-1(平均为171 ng.g-1),占PBDEs总含量的90%～99%(平均95%).所检测到的部分同系物(如BDE-196、197和203)可能是BDE-209的降解产物.PBDEs的垂直分布模式显示,0～10 cm层面样品的PBDEs浓度为147 ng.g-1,30～40 cm层面样品的PBDEs浓度为260 ng.g-1,PBDEs在沉积物中的丰度随垂直深度的增加而增加.12种同系物在采自各个深度层样品中的比例基本相同,由十溴工业品来源的BDE-209、208、207和206占总PBDEs的94%,而五溴和八溴所占比例较低.由此可见,该地区普遍存在PBDEs污染,其中十溴联苯醚是最主要污染物,这可能与十溴工业品是电器工业主要使用的阻燃材料相关.     

十溴联苯醚的热解及其影响因素研究

在200~300℃的温度范围内研究了十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)的热降解及其影响因素.结果表明,温度、时间以及硝酸铜、三氯化铁、氯化铝和氯化锌等处理线路板过程中产生的金属盐对BDE-209热降解有不同的影响.升高温度或延长热解时间均能促进BDE-209的热解,且温度对BDE-209降解的影响程度大于时间对其降解的影响;硝酸铜、三氯化铁和氯化铝对BDE-209的热解均起促进作用,促进作用的顺序为:硝酸铜 >三氯化铁 >氯化铝;氯化锌对BDE-209的热解有抑制作用;随着温度的升高,氯化铝和氯化锌对BDE-209热降解的影响减弱.该研究结果可为深入探究电子垃圾热处理过程中BDE-209的释放及降解提供科学依据.     

Time-dependent effects of pentabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) on thyroid hormones and histology in rats

In order to examine the time-dependent effects of pentabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-99) on thyroid hormones levels and histological structure in rats, 4-week-old SD rats were divided into 10 groups randomly, according to their body weight. Rats in treatment groups were orally gavaged with BDE-99 at the dose of 60 mg kg^?1 for 10, 15, 20, 30 or 40 days, while rats in control group received equal volume of corn oil. Serum levels of thyroxine (FT4), triiodothyronine (FT3), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Sections of thyroids were dyed with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) to detect any pathologically alterations. In BDE-99 treated groups, on day 10, changes in serum levels of FT4, FT3 and TSH were not found. On days 15 and 20, serum levels of FT4 and FT3 decreased, accompanied by increased levels of TSH. On days 30 and 40, serum levels of these hormones returned to control values. As for alterations in histology, on day 15, follicular epithelium of the thyroid were found to proliferate into two layers in BDE-99 treated rats. On day 20, in focal areas the two-layer follicular epithelia were observed to continuously proliferate into 3–4 layers of follicular epithelium, called hyperplasia plaques. On days 30 and 40, solid buds and secondary follicles to solid buds were detected. The earliest alteration of thyroid hormones in treated SD rats occurred at the duration of 10–15 days, with corresponding histopathologic changes. As the exposure time increased, the serum level of hormones and histopathology altered accordingly in a time-dependent manner.     

四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对两种海洋桡足类动物的毒性效应

为了研究四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对海洋桡足类的毒性效应,以太平洋真宽水蚤和日本虎斑猛水蚤为受试生物,依据急性毒性实验96 h-LC₅₀值,设置5个浓度组和1个对照组,测定摄食率、滤水率、耗氧率、排氨率和抗氧化防御系统中SOD、GST、GPx活性以及GSH含量。结果显示：BDE-47对太平洋真宽水蚤和日本虎斑猛水蚤的96 h-LC₅₀分别为
57和851 μg·L^-1,后者明显高于前者。2种桡足类在BDE-47作用下,其能量摄入和代谢均受到不同程度的诱导或抑制。太平洋真宽水蚤在中浓度(1.425 μg·L^-1)下摄食率和排氨率受到促进,高浓度(5.70和11.40 μg·L^-1)下耗氧率明显抑制;日本虎斑猛水蚤高浓度下(170.20 μg·L^-1)摄食率受到抑制,中浓度(21.28 μg·L^-1)下耗氧率受到促进,各个浓度的BDE-47对其排氨率均有明显促进作用。太平洋真宽水蚤SOD活性在BDE-47暴露96 h过程中均低于对照组(P<0.05),受到明显抑制;GST活性随暴露时间延长先升高后降低;GSH含量和GPx活性低浓度(0.7125和1.425 μg·L^-1)下随时间先升高后降低,而高浓度(5.70和11.40 μg·L^-1)下则相反。日本虎斑猛水蚤SOD活性随BDE-47浓度的升高先降低后升高再降低;GST活性和GSH含量在低浓度(10.64和21.28 μg·L^-1)BDE-47中与对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),而高浓度(85.10和170.20 μg·L^-1)
BDE-47下,GST活性随时间先升高后降低,GSH含量则先降低后升高再降低;GPx活性呈现先降低后升高趋势。由此可见,BDE-47与这2种桡足类的能量摄入、代谢和抗氧化防御系统存在一定时间及剂量效应,并具有明显的物种差异性。     

BDE-47对斑马鱼胚胎-幼鱼的急性毒性及氧化应激作用

为研究2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对斑马鱼胚胎-幼鱼急性毒性、氧化应激及细胞凋亡的影响,以受精后3 h的斑马鱼胚胎为染毒对象,用概率单位法计算BDE-47对斑马鱼胚胎-幼鱼的96 h-LC₅₀;再参照96 h-LC₅₀按一定比例级差设置0.25、0.5、1.0、2.0 mg·L^-1 4个浓度组和1个对照组(0 mg·L^-1)进行96 h半静水式毒性试验,检测斑马鱼超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和细胞凋亡情况。结果表明,BDE-47对斑马鱼96 h的急性毒性LC₅₀为3.77 mg·L^-1(95%可信区间1.93～10.27 mg·L^-1);2.0 mg·L^-1剂量组与对照组相比,SOD活性和MDA含量显著增加,且CAT活性与BDE-47染毒浓度之间存在明显的剂量-效应关系;0.5 mg·L^-1 BDE-47染毒96 h后,即观察到斑马鱼幼鱼出现明显细胞凋亡,主要集中于神经管和脑部。研究表明,BDE-47可以影响斑马鱼体内抗氧化防御系统,并能诱导细胞凋亡;BDE-47导致神经组织的氧化损伤可能在动物神经毒性中起重要作用。     

十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)对离体条件下小鼠肾脏和脑组织SOD活力和MDA含量的影响

十溴联苯醚(decabromodiphenyl ether,BDE-209)是目前应用最广泛的的溴系阻燃剂,其环境风险引起很大关注。本实验以小鼠肾脏和脑组织为实验材料,研究了离体条件下BDE-209的急性氧化损伤效应。BDE-209染毒终浓度设置为0,1,2,4和8μg·mL-1,采用NBT和TBA法分别测定SOD(superoxide dismutase)活性和MDA(malondialdehyde)含量。结果显示,随着BDE-209染毒浓度的升高,小鼠肾脏和脑组织的SOD活性先升高后降低,较高染毒浓度组的SOD活性与对照组相比显著性降低;MDA含量逐渐上升,并且与对照组相比较高染毒浓度组的MDA含量显著上升。以上结果说明,离体条件下BDE-209对小鼠肾脏和脑组织能够产生急性氧化应激,并导致脂质过氧化损伤。     

十溴联苯醚（BDE-209）对成年大鼠甲状腺激素的影响

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是现代工业中广泛应用的溴系阻燃剂,PBDEs具有持久性有机卤素污染物(Organohalogen Contaminants,OHCs)和内分泌干扰物(Endocrine Disrupters,EDs)的化学物理特性.PBDEs的生物毒性也是国际上环境生态科学的关注热点.论文建立了十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)暴露剂量的成年大鼠模型,测定了不同暴露剂量的实验动物血清甲状腺激素(Thyroid hormones,THs)水平,初步研究了PBDEs污染物对生物体甲状腺激素的影响.BDE-209的量-效关系研究结果显示,TT4、FT4和TT3浓度均随着暴露剂量的提高而下降,这可能是BDE-209对甲状腺合成分泌T4、T3起到了抑制作用.不同BDE-209暴露剂量下,TT4~FT4以及TT4~TT3的正相关系数大于FT3~TT3以及FT3~FT4,这意味着BDE-209暴露对于T4从甲状腺激素转运结合蛋白(Transthyretin,TTR)的分离与脱碘过程影响不明显,而影响了结合态T3从TTR的分离过程以及FT4的脱碘过程,从而对甲状腺激素的平衡具有干扰效应.采用基准点分析法,研究了BDE-209对于甲状腺干扰相对效应的时间-效应关系,实验表明由于甲状腺的应激作用,对于毒物具有自我防御功能,BDE-209对甲状腺的干扰效应在5~8d后才有所显现,持续时间至少为14d.     

Effects of different types of biochar on the properties and reactivity of nano zero-valent iron in soil remediation

• Biochar enhanced the mobility and stability of zero-valent iron nanoparticles. • Particle performance was best when the BC:nZVI mass ratio was 1:1. • Bagasse-BC@nZVI removed 66.8% of BDE209. The addition of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) is a promising technology for the in situ remediation of soil. Unfortunately, the mobility and, consequently, the reactivity of nZVI particles in contaminated areas decrease due to their rapid aggregation. In this study, we determined how nZVI particles can be stabilized using different types of biochar (BC) as a support (BC@nZVI). In addition, we investigated the transport behavior of the synthesized BC@nZVI particles in a column filled with porous media and their effectiveness in the removal of BDE209 (decabromodiphenyl ether) from soil. The characterization results of N₂ Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that nZVI was successfully loaded into the BC. The sedimentation test results and the experimental breakthrough curves indicated that all of the BC@nZVI composites manifested better stability and mobility than did the bare-nZVI particles, and the transport capacity of the particles increased with increasing flow velocity and porous medium size. Furthermore, the maximum concentrations of the column effluent for bagasse–BC@nZVI (B–BC@nZVI) were 19%, 37% and 48% higher than those for rice straw–BC@nZVI (R–BC@nZVI), wood chips–BC@nZVI (W–BC@nZVI) and corn stalks–BC@nZVI (C–BC@nZVI), respectively. A similar order was found for the removal and debromination efficiency of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) by the aforementioned particles. Overall, the attachment of nZVI particles to BC significantly increased the reactivity, stability and mobility of B–BC@nZVI yielded, and nZVI the best performance.     

Isolation,identification, and the degradation characteristics of a BDE-47 degrading strain北大核心CSCD

In an effort to remove BDE-47 residues from the environment, a bacterial strain that is capable of utilizing BDE-47 as the sole carbon source was isolated and screened from soil collected from an e-waste recycling area in Tianjin to analyze the degradation properties. The strain was preliminarily identified as Enterobacter sp. according to a 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. The strain degraded 35.8% of 525 μg/L of BDE-47 in 35 d when the initial concentration of bacteria was 7.1 × 105 cells/ mL. The product of the biodegradation of BDE-47 was BDE-28. The biodegradation of BDE-47 fit well with first-order kinetics, and its degradation kinetics was ln Ct = - 0.104t + 6.22. With the addition of an electron acceptor, such as Fe3+, SO4 2- and NO3 -, the BDE-47 degradation rate was significantly increased to 49.8%, 59.1%, and 67.3%, respectively. The above results revealed that the strain could degrade BDE-47, which is of importance in the application of environmental bioremediation of BDE-47. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.