柴河小流域草地土壤环境的同位素示踪研究

以滇池柴河小流域为研究区域,于2011年7月采集草地样品全样、分层样共17个,对土壤粒度、w(SOM)(SOM为有机质)、w(TN)进行测定;采用放射性核素137Cs示踪技术估算研究流域土壤侵蚀速率;同时,测定δ13C(稳定性碳同位素丰度),以研究该流域生态环境状况. 结果表明:①土壤粒度组成为粉粒(66.74%~77.55%)>黏粒(21.22%~31.29%)>砂粒(1.23%~3.33%),同一土地利用方式的土壤粒度组成差异较小,土壤适宜耕作. ②CH1、CH2、CH3采样点的w(SOM)分别为3.51%、1.72%、2.54%,w(TN)分别为0.22%、0.17%、0.18%,二者相对偏低,并且土壤剖面的w(SOM)、w(TN)均随深度增加呈降低趋势. ③CH1、CH2、CH3采样点的137Cs含量分别为586.91、279.83和217.82bq/m2,侵蚀模数分别为324.96、879.33和1066.83t/(km2·a),表明研究区整体属于轻度侵蚀且表层土壤侵蚀较为严重. ④CH1、CH2、CH3采样点的δ13C平均值分别为-18.49‰、-24.5‰和-21.74‰,表明有机质主要来源于陆源.      

Ecotypes diversity in autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb): A single plant with multiple micronutrient genes

Elaeagnus umbellata, a member of the Elaeagnaceae family, is native to Pakistan, China, India, Korea, and Japan. It is found commonly at altitudes ranging from 1200 to 2100 m and thrives on eroded and degraded land due to its ability to fix nitrogen. The plant also grows under variable pH (4–8) and drought, and is used locally as fuel wood, fencing, fodder, basket making, and shelterbelts. The fruit of the plant is well known for its essential nutrients and medicinal compounds such as vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, carotenoids (lycopene), soluble solids, and sugars. Medicinally, it is widely believed to protect against myocardial infections, pulmonary infections, and various forms of cancers. Ten ecotypes from variable microclimatic conditions were investigated for their morphological, molecular and biochemical diversity improvement and commercialization purposes. Comparisons and disabilities indicated significant variability in terms of morphological (plant height, number of branches, thorn size and number, leaf area, fruit size, 100 fruit weight, and yield), molecular (SDS-PAGE), and micro- and macronutrient (vitamin C, Fe, mg, P, Na, K, essential oils, and sugar) bases among the ecotypes. This variability will be helpful in developing commercial varieties of the plant utilizing the conventional techniques of selection and hybridization for economic activities. The plant has ample quantities of multiple micronutrients, thus indicating their expression through a powerful promoter at one place (fruit mesocarp). Efforts to identify and isolate the micronutrient genes (vitamin A, C, E, and Fe), the deficiency of which causes malnutrition and disabilities within the population of developing countries. Micronutrient genes have also been initiated for their characterization and future transformation into staple food crops for stable bio-fortification.     

Gas phase equilibria for dibenzo‐p‐dioxin,dibenzo‐p‐furan and biphenyl in the C‐H‐O system

The gas phase equilibrium calculation for the C‐H‐O system at atmospheric pressure and temperature from 773 to 1773 K at intervals of 250 K was performed to understand the generation and decomposition behavior of dibenzo‐p‐dioxin (DD), dibenzo‐p‐furan (DF) and biphenyl (BP) in relation to the existing oxygen potential. It is possible to categorize these results into three regions from the viewpoint of this potential: region (A), region (B) and region (C) are that of the higher, modest and lower oxygen potential, respectively. In region (A), the equilibrium amounts of DD, DF and BP are nearly zero. In region (B), they increase once and then decrease with rise in temperature. In the most characteristic region (C), they increase uniformly with rise in temperature.     

Comparative changes in absorption,distribution and toxicity of copper and cadmium chloride in toads during the hibernation and the role of vitamin C against their toxicity

The aim of this study was to determine the bioavailability and adverse effects of cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) on hibernating Egyptian toads and whether ascorbic acid (vitamin C) blocked Cd- and Cu-induced effects during hibernation. The oxidative status of liver, kidney, and intestine of Bufo regularis to Cd, Cu, and/or a combination of both metals administered orally for 2 weeks was determined. In the protection studies, vitamin C was given for 1?h prior to administration of Cu, Cd, and/or metal combination for 2 weeks. Treatment with Cu, Cd, and a combination of both metals produced a reduction in red blood count cells and hemoglobin content, while white blood count cells showed an increase in numbers during these treatments. After 2 weeks exposure, Cd and Cu increased significantly in all the tissues studied. Cu storage presented the following sequence: liver?>?intestine?>?kidney. Cd storage presented the following sequence: intestine?>?kidney?>?liver. When exposed to both metals, Cu and Cd storage presented the following sequence: liver?>?intestine?>?kidney. Histopathological examination of the liver revealed marked alterations including loss of hepatic cell architecture, and some cells exhibited distinct cytoplasmic vacuoles. The majority of blood vessels exhibited a marked dilatation and congestion with infiltration of blood cells, prominent hyperemia of hepatic veins, and significant proliferation of bile ductules. Histopathological changes in the kidney showed destruction and degeneration of both renal tubule cells and glomerular with infiltration of leukocytes and inflammatory cells. Histopathological alterations in the intestine were restricted to the innermost mucosal epithelium with marked degeneration of the villi and submucosa and an extensive fragmentation of mucosal epithelium as well as atrophy of goblet cells. The administration of vitamin C 1?h prior to administration of Cd, Cu, and metal combination did not protect against hepatic, renal, and intestinal damage. However, parental vitamin C given alone increased tissue toxicity.     

高压凝析气田气井安全控保系统设置

雅克拉气田单井具有高温、高压、高CO2腐蚀等特点,安全生产风险大。为将天然气生产控制在安全状态,预防安全环保伤害事故发生,必须对各种风险加以控制。分析了影响雅克拉气田安全生产的主要风险,提出消减风险的安全控制保障系统三级控制模式,论述了系统结构及各子系统技术原理,阐述了系统消减风险的方法和手段,对系统的新颖功能、特性、优点进行了总结。     

Ethyl mercury induces Ca2+ uptake through the P2×7 receptor in a mouse cerebellar microglia cell line

Many observations are reported that organic mercury compounds are involved in increasing intracellular Ca²⁺ levels. However, the issue of which substances on the cell membrane participate in the Ca²⁺ uptake that is induced by ethyl mercury is unclear. The findings of this study suggest that the P2X receptor participates in this process. The uptake of Ca²⁺ by C8-B4 cells was induced in the presence of ethyl mercury. Ca channels in the cell membrane were not affected in this process. In contrast, pretreatment with suramin, an antagonist of the P2X receptor, inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake induced by ethyl mercury, and also brilliant blue G, a nonselective antagonist of P2×4, P2×5, and P2×7 receptors. In addition, A438079 and A740003, selective antagonists of P2×7 receptor, reduced Ca²⁺ uptake, while 5-BDBD, a selective antagonist of P2×4 receptor, did not. Furthermore, the mRNAs of both the P2×4 and P2×7 receptors were expressed in the presence of ethyl mercury, but the P2×5 receptor mRNA was not. These findings suggest that ethyl mercury may induce Ca²⁺ uptake through the P2×7 receptor of the cell membrane.     

Modified Edman degradation applied to hemoglobin for monitoring occupational exposure to alkylating agents

A method that can be used for the monitoring of exposure to alkylating agents in the environment is presented. It is based on the quantification of alkylated N‐terminal valines in hemoglobin, using a modified Edman degradation procedure. The detection limit (GC/electron capture detector or GC/MS) is increased by two magnitudes of ten when using pentafluorophenyl isothiocyanate instead of phenyl isothiocyanate in the derivatization step. As little as one nmole N‐(—2 hydroxyethyl)valine per gram hemoglobin can be detected under practical conditions.     

微波Sol-Gel制备TiO2的研究及其对活性艳红X-3B的降解

采用微波Sol-Gel法在石英表面制备了负载型TiO2光催化剂,通过紫外吸收光谱和X衍射分析表征了TiO2溶胶的变化过程及锐钛型TiO2的生成。以活性艳红X-3B为模拟污染物进行光催化降解,探讨了微波功率、反应温度和反应时间对微波Sol-Gel法制备TiO2光催化活性的影响。由因素试验确定了最佳工艺条件:微波功率400W,反应温度90℃,反应时间2min。在此条件下制备的TiO2催化剂对活性艳红X-3B溶液进行光催化降解,反应30 min的脱色率达93%,TOC去除率为55%。采用中空纤维膜三相液相微萃取-毛细管电泳(HF-LLLME-CE)联用技术对降解生成的小分子有机物进行了测定。     

二溴海因危险性试验研究

为评价二溴海因(简称DBDMH)在使用、储运过程中的危险性,采用75℃热稳定性试验对二溴海因在高热条件下的稳定性进行了研究,采用C600微量热法测试了二溴海因的放热起始温度、分解热,并依据《联合国关于危险货物运输的建议书-试验和标准手册》对其爆炸性进行了筛选,通过固体氧化性试验和家兔皮肤刺激性/腐蚀性试验分别对二溴海因的氧化性和皮肤刺激性进行了测试。结果表明:二溴海因在75℃热稳定性试验过程中没有出现着火或爆炸,未出现自加热迹象,不属于太不稳定不能运输的物质;其分解反应只有一步,起始反应温度大约为157℃,分解热为384.8J/g,不属于爆炸品;二溴海因具有氧化性,根据《联合国关于危险货物运输的建议书-规章范本》其包装级别为Ⅱ级;在家兔皮肤刺激性/腐蚀性试验中未见不可逆损伤,对皮肤具有强刺激性。     

草原土壤的碳氮分布与CO2排放通量的相关性分析

利用静态暗箱法,对内蒙古锡林河流域的贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)、克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)等草原群落样地的CO₂排放通量进行了测定;同时采集各样地的不同层次土壤混合样,分析其中有机碳和全氮的含量,探讨其与CO₂排放的相关性.结果发现:不同样地群落的CO₂排放与其土壤中不同层次的有机碳和全氮含量呈高度正相关,相关系数(R)均0.8以上,说明在环境因子相对稳定的情况下,土壤有机碳和全氮含量直接或间接地决定生态系统CO₂排放通量的变化.另外,土壤不同层次的有机碳和全氮含量随深度增加递减,其中70%以上集中在0～30cm土层中,说明它们主要是来自地表有机质的分解;在0～100cm的土层中,土壤有机碳和全氮的总含量从贝加尔针茅草原、大针茅草原、羊草草原和克氏针茅草原依次减少,表明降水量、蒸发量和干燥度是影响土壤有机碳、全氮分布的重要因子.