茂名石化炼油厂污水处理改扩建工程生化系统细菌的培养与驯化

通过对炼 油废水 二级好氧 工艺 生化 处 理系 统 细菌 的培 养、驯化 ，详 细介 绍 了硝 化菌 和 异养菌的培 养、驯化 方法及步 骤。明确 提出细 菌培养、驯 化过 程中 应注 意的 问题。 通过 系统 的试 运行，确定出 二级好 氧工艺的 最佳运行 、操作条 件     

Evaluation of Early Life Stage Fall Chinook Salmon Exposed to Hexavalent Chromium from a Contaminated Groundwater Source

We conducted a laboratory evaluation to assess the risk to early life stage (i.e., eyed egg to swim up) fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) for exposure to hexavalent chromium from a contaminated groundwater source. Local populations of fall Chinook salmon were exposed to Hanford Site source groundwater that was diluted with Columbia River water. Specific endpoints included survival, development rate, and growth. Tissue burdens of fish were also measured to estimate uptake and elimination rates of chromium. Survival, development, and growth of early life stage fall Chinook salmon were not adversely affected by extended exposures (i.e., 98 day) to hexavalent chromium ranging from 0.79 to 260 μg/l. Survival for all treatment levels and controls exceeded 98% at termination of the test. In addition, there were no differences among the mean lengths and weights of fish among all treatment groups. Whole-body concentrations of chromium in early life stage fall Chinook salmon had a typical dose-response pattern; i.e., those subjected to highest exposure concentrations and longest exposure intervals had higher tissue concentrations. Given the spatial extent of chromium concentrations at the Hanford Site, and the dynamics of the groundwater–river water interface, the current cleanup criterion of 10 μg/l chromium appear adequate to protect early life stage fall Chinook salmon. These findings, together with previous research indicate low risk to these populations.     

环境与发展的研究现状及内涵

本文根据我国的现实条件,讨论了环境与持续发展的关系,阐述了各发展阶段的特征和持续发的指标体系     

资源型城市碳排放效率评价及其政策启示

基于资源型城市面临经济转型与节能减排的双重压力,本文采用三阶段超效率SBM模型,实证测度了2004—2019年中国114个资源型城市碳排放效率,并利用Dagum基尼系数、核密度估计、QAP回归分析等方法对效率差异、时空演变以及差异来源进行探讨。研究表明：（1）剔除环境因素和随机干扰后,资源型城市碳排放效率均值降至0.230,但整体呈现上升趋势。（2）碳排放效率高值区集中于再生型与成熟型城市,分布较为分散;低值区则主要为成长型与衰退型城市,并于东北、中部等地区呈现集聚性特征。（3）资源型城市碳排放效率差异较大,其中,组间差异贡献率最高,但呈现下降趋势;再生型和成熟型城市组内差异相对稳定,成长型和衰退型城市组内差异逐渐扩大。（4）人口密度、居民可支配收入和规模企业数量差异会显著扩大资源型城市碳排放效率差异,而且人口密度、人口结构以及居民可支配收入差异对不同类型资源型城市碳排放效率差异呈现显著的异质性影响。基于分析结果,本文提出三点政策启示：一是依据资源型城市类型,采取因地制宜的减排方案;二是增加低碳创新投入,促进产业绿色转型;三是推广绿色消费方式,加强居民端减排。     

旺盛期烟草对镉富集敏感性研究

采用盆栽试验方法,揭示了旺盛期烟草（云烟99）对镉的富集特点以及光合等生理指标对镉胁迫的响应.结果表明：当土壤镉含量分别为4.43,7.94,17.33和49.79mg/kg时,烟草茎、叶及地上部镉的富集系数（植物镉含量与土壤镉含量的比值）均大于1,转移系数（地上部镉含量与根镉含量的比值）也大于1,但镉含量未达到镉超富集植物的临界含量标准100mg/kg.当土壤镉含量为4.43mg/kg时,烟草的耐性较强.当土壤镉含量大于7.94mg/kg时,烟草的生物量、叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和SOD活性均显著下降（P<0.05）,胞间CO₂浓度和MDA含量显著提高（P<0.05）.旺盛期烟草对镉富集比较敏感,建议烟草的种植要远离镉污染土壤或镉背景值较高的土壤.     

基于LMDI的城市化不同阶段PM2.5浓度影响因素——以我国5个特大城市群为例

以我国5个特大城市群为研究区,采用人均GDP和产业结构标准,将2000~2015年划分为不同的城市化发展阶段,利用LMDI指数分解法探讨不同发展阶段排放强度、能源强度、经济产出和人口规模等4种社会经济因素对PM_2.5浓度变化的可能驱动机制及贡献率.结果表明,5个特大城市群被划分为四个不同的城市化发展阶段,随着城市化进程的推进,PM_2.5浓度呈现先上升后下降的趋势.总体上,经济产出和人口规模产生正效应,且经济产出效应是促进PM_2.5浓度增加的主要因素;排放强度和能源强度产生负效应,且排放强度效应是抑制PM_2.5浓度增加的主要因素.能源强度效应的累积贡献率在工业化初期和中期有正有负,但在工业化后期和发达经济时期均为负.从工业化初期至发达经济时期,经济产出效应和人口规模效应的累积贡献率均在增加且经济产出效应的累积贡献率增加更为显著;排放强度效应的累积贡献率为负且累积贡献率的绝对值不断增加.探讨不同城市化发展阶段PM_2.5浓度的影响因素可为政府部门制定针对性的环境保护政策提供依据.     

基于主成分分析法的中国土地市场发育成熟度评价

构建了基于土地市场土地交易情况、土地金融情况、土地市场竞争情况和政府宏观调控的土地市场发育成熟度评价指标体系，并以2003-2007年31个省（市）的统计数据为基础，采用主成分分析法测算了我国东、中、西部三大区域土地市场的发育成熟度。研究结果表明，与经济发展相对应，我国土地市场发育程度也存在显著的区域梯度差异，东部土地市场发育成熟度远远高于中部和西部；三大地域内部省（市）之间土地市场发育程度也存在差异，西部地区尤为明显。     

Assessing the hazards from a BLEVE and minimizing its impacts using the inherent safety concept

Many worlds' major process industry accidents are due to BLEVE such as at Feyzin, France, 1966 and San Juan Ixhuatepec, Mexico City, 1984. One of the approaches to eliminate or minimize such accidents is by the implementation of inherently safer design concept. This concept is best implemented where the consequence of BLEVE can be evaluated at the preliminary design stage, and necessary design improvements can be done as early as possible. Thus, the accident could be avoided or minimized to as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) without resorting to a costly protective system. However, the inherent safety concept is not easy to implement at the preliminary design stage due to lack of systematic technique for practical application. To overcome these hurdles, this paper presents a new approach to assess process plant for the potential BLEVE at the preliminary design stage and to allow modifications using inherent safety principles in order to avoid or minimize major accidents. A model known as Inherent Fire Consequence Estimation Tool (IFCET) is developed in MS Excel spreadsheet to evaluate BLEVE impacts based on overpressure, radiation heat flux and missile effects. In this study, BLEVE impacts are the criteria used as the decision-making for the acceptability of the design. IFCET is integrated with iCON process design simulator for ease of data transfer and quick assessment of potential BLEVE during the design simulation stage. A case study was conducted to assess of potential BLEVE from a propane storage vessel at the design simulation stage using this new approach. The finding shows promising results that this approach has a potential to be developed as a practical tool.     

秦岭西部不同发育阶段日本落叶松林凋落物层大型土壤动物群落特征

以秦岭西部小陇山林区不同发育阶段的日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)林为研究对象,探讨不同发育阶段日本落叶松林凋落物层的大型土壤动物群落特征.结果表明,10 a日本落叶松林土壤动物密度和类群丰富度均显著高于20和32 a日本落叶松林,而32 a日本落叶松林土壤动物群落密度又显著高于20 a日本落叶松林.不同发育阶段日本落叶松林土壤动物群落的营养功能群组成也发生了明显变化,随栽植林龄的增加,捕食性类群的比例先增加后降低,而腐食性+杂食性类群的比例先降低后增加,植食性类群的比例呈增加趋势.不同发育阶段日本落叶松林的正蚓科、线蚓科、倍足纲、幺蚣科、步甲科、蚁甲科、双翅目幼虫和蚁科土壤动物类群密度存在明显变化,进而改变了大型土壤动物群落结构和营养功能群组成.凋落物层土壤动物对不同发育阶段日本落叶松林的环境变化十分敏感,可以用来指示林下土壤环境变化.     

综采面高压注水联合高压喷雾二级防尘技术研究

综采工作面的粉尘防治一直是煤矿安全工作的重点和难题之一。结合双鸭山矿区新安矿综采工作面的实际状况,采用现场煤层高压注水实验方法,研究了高压注水条件下煤体增湿的规律;运用注水实验数据进行反演数值试验,优化煤层高压注水数学模型内部参数,利用注水数值模拟试验确定了综采工作面煤层高压注水减尘技术的最优参数;运用了高压喷雾降尘效率模型数值模拟方法,分析确定了综采工作面采煤机外置高压喷雾降尘的最优参数,研发了孔径为1.2 mm的7孔高压集成喷嘴。新安二矿、三矿煤层高压注水联合高压喷雾二级防尘技术应用效果表明:通过二级联合防尘措施,工作面全尘去除率高达96%,呼吸性粉尘去除率高达94%。