Analysis of Phytoplankton Community Structure Using Similarity Indices: A New Methodology for Discriminating Among Eutrophication Levels in Coastal Marine Ecosystems

Nine similarity indices based on phytoplankton community structure were examined for their sensitivity to assess different levels of eutrophication. Two phytoplankton data sets, one from an open coastal system and one from a semi-enclosed gulf, associated with different nutrient dynamics and circulation patterns were used for evaluating the indices. The results have shown that similarity indices, measuring interspecific association and resemblance of phytoplankton communities between enriched areas and control sites, were effective for detecting spatial and temporal dissimilarities in coastal marine ecosystems. The structure of the oligotrophic habitat as a potential source of ambiguity for the results was discussed, whereas the validity ranges and the potential applicability of this method were deemed to be dependent on the size of the fraction of the common species among the samples, and the similarity of the classification patterns resulted from this subcategory and those extracted from the overall community data. Furthermore, the study provides a new technique based on the use of the “Box and Whisker Plot” designed to distinguish opportunistic and rare phytoplanktonic species. The similarity indices, applied solely to the dominant species abundance, were more sensitive to resolve eutrophic, mesotrophic and oligotrophic conditions. This procedure can be proposed as an effective methodology for water characterization and can also be used as a qualitative tracer for detecting renewal processes of coastal marine ecosystems.     

Evaluation of Air Quality over the Black Sea: Major Ionic Composition of Rainwater

This article attempts to put the light on the air quality of the Black Sea region of Turkey. In addition to that, it endeavors to locate the possible sources of the different pollutants at local, regional and long range transported scales. About 196 rainwater samples were collected over the Black Sea region of Amasra between 1995 and 1999, and analyzed for major ions and trace elements using spectrophotometric techniques. Andersen wet only rain samples were used to collect rain events, where the rain sample was filtered inline using 0.45 m cellulose acetate filters. Major anions (SO₄ ^2-, NO₃ ^- and Cl^-) were determined using ion chromatography, whereas metals (Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Na, K), werequantified using ICP-AES. This study shows that, the Black Sea region receives different amounts and types of anthropogenic pollutants via long-range transport according to trajectory models. Although the pH of rain water is not considered acidic (pH = 5.21) yet the neutralizing species are lower than other sites around Europe.     

A multi media load model for the Baltic Sea

The background of this work is the international decision process with regard to the selection of chemicals to be assessed with priority. In order to stress the precautionary principle, mass flows were analysed rather than concentrations, threshold values, etc., as preferred by the chemical legislation (which still excludes the marine area). Lindane, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), trichloroacetic acid and its sodium salt, medium-chained chlorinated paraffins and tributyltin (TBT) were selected due to their great relevance for the marine area. Trichloroacetic acid is an interesting model compound on account of its accidental formation by degradation of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons and during chlorination processes. In addition, a hypothetical compound was modelled, representing a highly water-soluble substance with low vapour pressure. The balancing area is the Baltic Sea and its catchment area. In order to model the substance flows, the 'Input/Output-load model' has been developed. The model quantifies the shift and the distribution of a yearly load of the substance investigated from the terrestrial-limnic into the marine compartment (Baltic Sea). Water-soluble substances, which are usually considered to be of no concern, may enter the sea in great amounts and, if not degradable, remain there. It turned out to be necessary to take into account remobilisation, unintended formation and point as well as line-sources.     

黄东海表层沉积物中磷的分布特征

于2011年3~6月分两个航次在黄东海采集了表层沉积物样品,测定了其中总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)和有机磷(OP)的含量.结果表明,TP的变化范围为10.50~24.10μmol·g-1,IP的变化范围为7.14~17.10μmol·g-1,IP是TP的主要赋存形态,平均占TP的70%以上;黄东海大部分站位IP与TP的百分比在50%~90%之间,有4个站位的百分比高于90%,都分布在东海.沉积物中磷的含量和平面分布特征受到人类活动、物质来源、沉积物的粒度、沉积环境和水文条件等多种因素的影响.黄东海沉积物中总磷的埋藏通量呈现出区域性的差异,埋藏通量主要受沉积速率、沉积物的孔隙度和底层水含氧量等多种因素的影响,其中沉积物中总磷的含量和沉积速率是决定埋藏通量大小的关键因素.     

中国南海CDOM三维荧光光谱特征研究

利用三维荧光光谱技术,分析了中国南海有色溶解有机物(CDOM)荧光组分的垂直分布特征.结果表明,中国南海CDOM含有类腐殖质荧光峰M和类蛋白质荧光峰T;CDOM的荧光强度(λEx/λE m:350 nm/450 nm)在表层较低,垂直分布呈现随深度增加而增加,在300 m处达到峰值,然后逐渐下降,在500~600 m间达最小峰值,而后保持相对稳定的分布规律.荧光指数FI均在1.4~2.0间,腐殖化指数HIX值偏低,生物源指数BIX在0.7~1.1之间,T峰为主要贡献者,说明南海CDOM主要为海洋自生来源,受海洋微生物作用过程影响较大.M峰和T峰的荧光强度在垂直分布上具有相似的变化趋势,表层荧光强度都最小,说明南海表层CDOM丰度分布受光降解影响较大.研究表明,南海CDOM的垂直分布受光化学反应、海洋微生物活动及颗粒有机物再矿化的共同影响.     

沙尘和灰霾沉降对黄海春季浮游植物生长的影响

大气沉降可为上层海洋带来生物可利用性的营养元素(如N、P、Fe等),从而改变浮游植物的初级生产过程及群落结构,并影响海洋的碳循环.于2014年春季在南黄海开展2次船基围隔培养实验,通过人工添加沙尘、灰霾颗粒及多种营养盐来模拟大气沉降对海洋表层浮游植物生长的影响,结果表明:南黄海北部B07站浮游植物生长主要受到磷限制;南黄海中部H10站则主要受氮限制.沙尘添加在B07站和H10站均显著促进小型和微型浮游植物生长,对微微型浮游植物生长的促进作用不明显.灰霾添加在B07站对浮游植物生长总体呈现抑制作用,且主要抑制小型和微型浮游植物生长,对微微型浮游植物则为先抑制后促进;在H10站对浮游植物的影响整体呈现先抑制后促进,培养前期对各粒级浮游植物均有抑制作用,培养后期对微型和微微型浮游植物有促进作用.     

中国南海渔业环境资源的保护研究

南海渔业资源具有"公共池塘资源"的基本属性是导致其面临地缘政治紧张局势的内生困境,为此有必要从南海渔业在低敏度领域的现实表征为立足点,与南海领土主权与海域划界争端等高敏度领域相互结合的角度考察与评判南海渔业资源环境保护的主权变动动向:应该注重传统捕鱼权在南海周边国家的海洋管辖权边界的应用.以东南亚渔业管理组织和新建立南海渔业管理组织联合协同组织新的东南亚渔业管理组织必定有助于南海渔业资源纠纷的解决.     

夏季渤海湾及邻近海域颗粒有机碳的分布与物源分析

根据2006年8月在渤海湾及其邻近海域41个站位取得的155个样品的颗粒有机碳（POC）和颗粒氮（PN）的分析数据,结合同步获得的水文环境要素资料,分析了该区夏季POC和PN的空间分布特征、影响因子与有机碳物源．结果表明,夏季水体中POC的浓度为155.9～1363.1 μg/L,平均浓度为429.5 μg/L; PN的浓度为26.2～225.5 μg/L,平均浓度111.5 μg/L. POC与PN的空间分布特征一致,呈现近岸高、远岸低、表层低、底层高的特点. 生物作用、水体温盐跃层和总悬浮颗粒物（TSM）是影响研究区POC空间分布的重要原因. POC与TSM的相关分析表明,POC与TSM之间具有正相关关系,不同来源的TSM是控制水体中POC浓度高低的重要因素. 本区POC/PN的比值范围为3.4～7.0,但这一物源指标的应用受到海水中颗粒无机氮（PIN）的影响. 通过建立POC和PN的一元线性回归模型,估算了样品中PIN的含量. 扣除样品中PIN的影响后,本研究区的POC/PON (颗粒有机氮) 比值范围介于5.5～19.8之间,显示POC除了海洋生物为主要来源外,周边河流的陆源输入也有重要贡献.这一研究方法对认识中国近海的POC物源具有一定的参考价值．     

海河及渤海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布与来源

采集海河和渤海表层沉积物样品,测定16种EPA规定多环芳烃.海河∑PAH含量（干重）范围为445～2185 ng·g-1,平均值为964 ng·g-1;渤海∑PAH含量范围为171～290 ng·g-1,平均值为226 ng·g-1.海河塘沽区段和天津市区段沉积物中∑PAH含量比郊区段含量高.LMW/HMW(低分子质量/高分子质量)和异构体比值分析表明,生物质及煤的燃烧为海河表层沉积物中PAHs主要来源;对于渤海湾大部分区域来说,石油污染是其PAHs的主要来源,而热解来源的PAHs主要以生物质及煤的燃烧为主;滨海旅游度假村附近海域因受旅游活动影响而燃烧源的贡献较大.风险评价表明,海河及部分渤海海域存在潜在生态危害,滨海村附近海域存在潜在生态风险可能性较低.     

大型水母爆发对东海生态系统中上层能量平衡的影响

通过建立东海生态系统ECOPATH模型,并将大型水母作为一个独立的功能组,从能量平衡的角度探讨近年来东海大型水母爆发对生态系统的影响,并在此基础上提出抑制大型水母爆发加剧的控制机制的假说。模型分析结果表明:大型水母对中上层生物资源普遍具有显著不利影响;在大型水母、浮游动物和鲳鱼等小型中上层鱼类之间可能存在一个由大型水母爆发引发的生态系统中上层能量反馈循环;大型水母爆发初期将破坏生态系统中上层能量平衡;浮游动物生物量的波动可能是抑制大型水母爆发加剧的自然控制机制之一。