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81.
The effects of saprobe and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on growth, chlorophyll and N, P and K content of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. growing in soil contaminated by heavy metals in the presence or absence of Glycine max were investigated. Glomus mosseae and Glomus deserticola increased dry weight, shoot length, total N, P and K concentration and the quantity of chlorophyll in E. globulus shoots. The protection of Eucalyptus by AM fungi against the action of the heavy metals was more evident when this plant grew as an intercrop with soybean than as a monoculture. The presence of the saprobe fungi Fusarium concolor and Trichoderma koningii further enhanced shoot dry weight, N, P and K content of AM Eucalyptus. The co-inoculation of Eucalyptus with Glomus deserticola and T. koningii was more effective for Cd uptake. In addition, Glomus deserticola enhanced the amount of Pb absorbed by Eucalyptus plants. We showed that it is important to select the most efficient AM and saprobe fungi to stimulate plant growth in heavy-metal-contaminated soil and that the combination of both plays an important role in metal tolerance of Eucalyptus plants. 相似文献
82.
Arsenic released by bottom sediments was determined by experiments in which the sediments were artificially re-suspended using
a particle entrainment simulator (PES) to simulate river conditions. Sediment cores were collected from various tributaries
to drinking water reservoirs in Connecticut spiked with arsenic, and run in the PES at simulated bed-flow shear stresses from
0.0 to 0.6 N/m2. Under equilibrium conditions, the dissolved fraction of arsenic was found to range from 8.3 to 22.1 μg/l, which in most
cases exceeded EPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 μg/l. Experimental results from these simulations have shown that
bed-flow shear stress causes an increased concentration of dissolved arsenic, most notably at shear stresses of 0.4, 0.5,
and 0.6 N/m2. For the solid phase under equilibrium, the concentrations of arsenic ranged between 71 and 275 mg/kg. The average concentration
of arsenic on the solid phase as well as partitioning coefficient values (K
p) were highest at initial shear stress. This was attributed to the higher fraction of colloidal material and finer organic
particles in the suspended solid mixture. Particles of such nature proved to have higher affinity to arsenic. K
p values were determined from PES data and were found to range from 4,687 to 24,090 l/kg. However, on a mass load basis, the
amount of arsenic found in suspended sediment increased with the increase of shear stress. Similarly, the amount of arsenic
in the solid phase increased significantly for sites with high Volatile Organic Carbon (VOC) content. Because of the influence
of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and VOC concentrations on K
p, the use of the PES is more appropriate in obtaining K
p values that would be found under real stream conditions when compared to the traditional way of measuring K
p using a jar study technique. 相似文献
83.
Resuspension of contaminated field and formulated reference sediments Part I: Evaluation of metal release under controlled laboratory conditions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In aquatic systems where metal contaminated sediments are present, the potential exists for metals to be released to the water column when sediment resuspension occurs. The release and partitioning behavior of sediment-bound heavy metals is not well understood during resuspension events. In this study, the release of Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn from sediments during resuspension was evaluated using reference sediments with known physical and chemical properties. Sediment treatments with varying quantities of acid volatile sulfide (AVS), total organic carbon (TOC), and different grain size distributions were resuspended under controlled conditions to evaluate their respective effects on dissolved metal concentrations. AVS had the greatest effect on limiting release of dissolved metals, followed by grain size and TOC. Predictions of dissolved concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn were developed based on the formulated sediment Σmetal/AVS ratios with Σmetal being the total sediment metal concentration. Predicted values were compared to measured dissolved metal concentrations in contaminated field sediments resuspended under identical operating conditions. Metal concentrations released from the field sediments were low overall, in most cases lower than predicted values, reflecting the importance of other binding phases. Overall, results indicate that for sulfidic sediments, low levels of the study metals are released to the dissolved phase during short-term resuspension. 相似文献
84.
A field study was conducted in the fly ash lagoons of Santandih Thermal Power Plant located in West Bengal (India) to find
out total, EDTA and DTPA extractable metals in fly ash and their bioaccumulation in root and shoot portion of the naturally
growing vegetation. Fly ash sample has alkaline pH and low conductivity. The concentration of total Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni were
found higher than weathered fly ash and natural soil, where as Co, Cd and Cr were found traces. Five dominant vegetation namely,
Typha latifolia, Fimbristylis dichotoma, Amaranthus defluxes, Saccharum spontaenum and Cynodon dactylon were collected in the winter months (November–December). Bioaccumulation of metals in root and shoot portions were found
varied significantly among the species, but all concentration were found within toxic limits. Correlation between total, DTPA
and EDTA extractable metals viz. root and shoot metals concentration were studied. Translocation factor (TF) for Cu, Zn and
Ni were found less than unity, indicates that these metals are immobilized in the root part of the plants. Metals like Mn
have TF greater than unity. The study infers that natural vegetation removed Mn by phytoextraction mechanisms (TF > 1), while
other metals like Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni were removed by rhizofiltration mechanisms (TF < 1). The field study revealed that T. latifolia and S. spontaenum plants could be used for bioremediation of fly ash lagoon. 相似文献
85.
Assessment of the exposure of two fish species to metals pollution in the Ogun river catchments, Ketu, Lagos, Nigeria 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The concentrations of metals (Ca, Cd, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry in water,
sediments and fish samples in the Ogun river catchments, Ketu, Lagos, which is an important bird nesting, fishing and drinking
water source. The results show that the southern tip bothering the Lagos lagoon is where the highest metal concentrations
are found in the fish species (Tilapia sp. and Chrysichthys sp.), whereas the Agboyi creek segment near the lagoon with higher surrounding human population density recorded higher levels
of metals in sediments and water samples. The two fish species accumulated different amounts of metals. However, the differences
were not statistically different at p < 0.05. There is a significant correlation (p < 0.05) for Cd concentration in water. The concentrations of Pb in sampling points 3 and 4 as well as Cd, Mn and Fe in all
six sampling points exceeds the World Health Organization (WHO) limits for drinking water. Levels of metals obtained for sediments
are within the range reported for Nigeria’s river sediments. Based on this study, the human risks for heavy metals in the
harvested fish species from the Ogun river catchments, Ketu, are low for now as the concentrations were below the recommended
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) maximum limits for Pb (0.5 mg/Kg), Cd (0.5 mg/Kg), and Zn (30 mg/Kg) in fish. 相似文献
86.
87.
Maiti SK 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,125(1-3):111-122
Major environmental impacts of opencast mining are degradation of landscape and aesthetics of the area by creating huge overburden
dumps and deep voids at the mining sites. These overburden dumps are characterised by high rock fragment contents, low moisture
retention capacity, higher bulk density, low nutrients, lower pH and elevated metal concentrations. Overburden dumps are reclaimed
by tree species for stabilising as well as pollution control and overall improvement of the visual aesthetics. A field study
was carried out in the old reclaimed coal mine overburden dumps at KD Heslong project, Central Coalfields, India to study
the physico-chemical changes in the reclaimed overburden dumps and determines the magnitude of trace elements accumulation
in the planted tree species. Total, bioavailable and acid extractable trace metals concentration in minesoils of overburden
dump and topsoil in the mining areas was compared with undisturbed soil. The study showed that tree plantation improves the
moisture contents, bulk density, pH and overall nutrient contents of minesoils. The study revealed that lower pH in the minesoils
increases the bioavailabity of metals but concentration were found within toxic limits. However, ratio between total and bioavailable
metals was found lower in overburden dumps than topsoil due to low pH and lack of organic matter. Out of six tree species
studied, Bambusa shows highest accumulation of Fe and Cr. Bioaccumulation coefficient for Cr and Zn was found 74 times in Bambusa and 83 times in Dalbergia sissoo. The results of the study underscore the need for close monitoring of trace elements in reclaimed overburden dumps. Tree
species like Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus, Cassia seamea, Acaccia mangium and Peltaphorum were found to be the best species for bioreclamation of overburden dumps. 相似文献
88.
M. L. Astolfi S. Canepari M. Catrambone C. Perrino A. Pietrodangelo 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2006,3(4):186-191
We set up a microanalytical procedure for non-volatile ions by ion chromatography (IC) and for elements by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). We analysed NO3, SO4, NH4, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, S, Zn, As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Ti, and V. The use of complementary techniques yields reliable data for both trace and crustal elements, overcoming the analytical restrictions characteristic of the individual techniques. Some elements determined by two or by all three techniques can be used as data quality markers. The application of the procedure to a short PM2.5 monitoring campaign is also described, aimed to the identification of fireworks tracers. 相似文献
89.
Cristina Zago Gabriele Capodaglio Carlo Barbante Michele Giani Ivo Moret Giuseppe Scarponi Paolo Cescon 《Chemistry and Ecology》2002,18(1):39-51
In the present study the concentrations of cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, zinc were analysed and the speciation of copper and zinc performed, with a summer and winter sampling, for two areas in the Northern Adriatic Sea and crossing at the farthest zones of the Po river-sea water interface. Results show that when salinity increases the concentrations of all investigated metals (with the exception of cobalt) present some degree of biogeochemical cycling. Copper is the element whose dissolved phase has the highest importance in metal transport across the salinity gradient. Results of speciation analysis demonstrate that the presence of excess amounts (5-8 fold) of unbound ligands confers a buffering capacity for potential inputs of dissolved metals into the Northern Adriatic Sea. The speciation of both copper and zinc in the dissolved phase was dominated by organic complexation. 相似文献
90.