Differential N uptake by maize cultivars and soil nitrate dynamics under N fertilization in West Africa

Nitrate is prone to leaching in the sandy soils of the West African moist savannas. Better management of nitrogen (N) resources and maize cultivars with enhanced genetic capacity to capture and utilize soil and fertilizer N are strategies that could improve N-use efficiency. In two field experiments conducted at Zaria, northern Nigeria, five maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars planted early in the season were assessed under various N levels for differences in N uptake, soil N dynamics, and related N losses. Cultivar TZB-SR accumulated more N in the aboveground plant parts in both years than the other cultivars. All, except the semi-prolific late (SPL) variety, met about 50–60% of their N demand by the time of silking (64–69 DAP). In both years, SPL had the greatest capacity to take up N during the grain filling period, and it had the highest grain-N concentration and the least apparent N loss through leaching in the second year. There were no significant differences in soil N dynamics among cultivars in both years. At harvest, the residual N in the upper 90 cm of the profile under all the cultivars ranged from 56 to 72 kg ha⁻¹ in the first year and from 73 to 83 kg ha⁻¹ in the second year. Apparent N loss from 0 to 90 cm soil profile through leaching ranged from 35 to 122 kg ha⁻¹ in both years. N application significantly increased N uptake by more than 30% at all sampling dates in the second year of the experiment, but had no effect on apparent N loss. Results indicate that the use of maize cultivars with high N uptake capacity during the grain filling period when maximum leaching losses occur could enhance N recovery and may be effective in reducing leaching losses of mineral N in the moist savanna soils.     

环境模型的统计评价

系统地探讨了评价模型的统计指标,并在BOD反应动力学模型中使用,取得了较好的效果。     

真空紫外辐照法降解水中丁基黄原酸钾的影响因素及动力学模型

黄原酸盐是常用的有色金属硫化矿浮选剂，进入环境后会造成潜在风险.本文以丁基黄原酸钾（PBX）为目标污染物，在比较真空紫外辐照法（VUV）、曝气（Aeration）、过氧化氢（H₂O₂）氧化和次氯酸钠（NaClO）氧化处理对PBX降解效果的基础上，深入研究反应温度、初始pH值、初始底物浓度及共存离子对效果最优的VUV法降解PBX的影响，探明影响VUV降解PBX的关键因素并建立动力学模型.结果表明，对初始浓度为20 mg·L^-1的PBX进行VUV、NaClO氧化、H₂O₂氧化和曝气处理60 min后，VUV处理效果最优（PBX降解率为97.49%），随后依次为H₂O₂氧化、NaClO氧化和曝气处理.在VUV处理过程中，反应温度和初始pH的升高促进了PBX降解，随着PBX初始浓度增加降解速率常数（k_C）减小.溶液中共存的CO₃^2-、SiO₃^2-促进了PBX降解，Ca²⁺则抑制了PBX降解.反应温度和初始pH值是影响PBX降解的关键因素，基于这两个因素建立了PBX降解的模型方程.从经济有效的角度综合考虑，反应温度35℃、pH=8、合适的阴离子（SiO₃^2-、CO₃^2-）及其浓度有利于促进VUV降解PBX.研究结果为选矿废水有机污染物的处理提供了新思路.     

水力空化技术的研究及其应用

水力空化是一种新的水处理技术.作为一种新技术,水力空化已经应用于化学和环境领域.本文阐述了水力空化的机理,包括空化的产生、发展及溃灭的过程,并提出了空泡溃灭时产生的高温高压是水处理过程中的能量来源.研究了影响水力空化的因素,介绍了其在国内外的研究进展,以及水力空化的动力学基础,指出了该领域目前存在的问题以及以后的研究方向,对进一步深入研究空化现象及应用有一定的参考作用.     

电催化氧化技术处理硝基苯废水的试验研究

用实验室自制的活性炭粒子填充电极电催化氧化反应器对模拟硝基苯废水进行了降解处理。初步探讨电催化氧化反应的机理,考察了电流强度、反应时间、进水浓度等对硝基苯去除率的影响。用一元线性回归方程对不同初始浓度和电流强度降解后硝基苯的相对残余浓度对反应时间的相关性进行了分析,结果发现相关系数大于临界相关系数,硝基苯的降解符合表观一级反应动力学模型,求出了各反应条件下的一级速率常数。通过用spss软件分析,表明不同的初始浓度和电流强度下ln(C0/C)对时间的相关性显著。实验结果表明,在本实验条件下,硝基苯的去除率达到95%以上,能有效的催化降解硝基苯。     

秦皇岛近海养殖区域夜光藻种群动态与环境温度的关系

本文通过对秦皇岛近海养殖区夜光藻的调查,分析研究了夜光藻种群的动态与温度变化的关系。结论:夜光藻在秦皇岛近海养殖区内出现在3月份,并在7月份出现密度高峰,9—10月份偶有出现,11—2月份则未出现。夜光藻最高密度出现的温度为25—26℃,夜光藻在秦皇岛近海的出现及7月份的密度高峰与水温的变化密切相关。     

Comparing Environmental Conditions Using Indicators of Pollution Hazard

/ Land use/land cover classifications for 1973 and 1991, derived from the interpretation of satellite imagery, are quantified on the basis of biophysical land units in a study area in southeastern Australia. Nutrient export potentials are estimated for each land unit based on their composition of land use/land cover classes. Spatial and temporal comparisons are made of the land units based on the calculated pollution hazard indicators to provide an insight into changes in the state of the environment and the regional significance of land use changes. For example, one ecosystem, unique to the study, showed a large increase in pollution hazard over the study period as a manifestation of an 11-fold rise in cleared area and an expansion of cropping activities. The benefits to environmental management in general are discussed.KEY WORDS: Land cover change; Nutrient export; Environmental condition; Pollution hazard; Agricultural pollution; Nonpoint source pollution; Diffuse pollution; Environmental degradation     

构思“安全学”

以辩证唯物主义为主线 ,对“安全学”的内涵 ,从安全科学的学科体系、构成、安全学的地位和作用 ,安全的自然属性与社会属性 ,世界观、人生观、价值观与安全观 ,安全哲学、安全哲理与安全方法 ,原始安全动力学、安全系统的灰色特征以及安全系统的非线性等主要方面进行了构思 ,以图搭起“安全学”的顶层结构 ,为撰写“安全学”打下基础。     

长大隧道岩爆灾害研究进展

岩爆是长大隧道施工中发生频率较高的突发性地质灾害;岩爆研究对于隧道的勘测设计、施工组织及安全生产具有重要的现实意义.岩爆机理研究是岩爆预测及控制技术发展的基础;由于现有理论的不完善,以之为基础的预报体系及控制技术还不能对岩爆灾害进行准确预报和有效控制.岩石静力学理论在岩爆研究中是重要的,但它还不能阐明岩爆的全部机理.钻爆法开挖过程中,各炮层的顺序起爆、周边眼起爆后开挖轮廓面的瞬时大幅卸载及岩爆事件本身所产生的各类高幅值、陡波前应力波以及它们的叠加效应对于围岩,尤其是处于双向受压、一侧临空、具有发生破坏潜势的既有炮次围岩的扰动作用应该是显著的.围岩也许不会在上述动荷载的一次作用下就发生宏观破坏,但这些应力波的多次扰动,却会在微观-细观尺度上引起围岩累积性损伤的加剧与局部应力环境的恶化,并最终导致裂纹的大规模瞬时动力扩展,伴随晶间、粒间瞬态应变能的高速释放,围岩便会以岩爆的形式失稳.因此,系统进行岩爆灾害的岩石动力学机理研究是必要的.