接种丛枝菌根真菌对雌雄美洲黑杨吸收铅镉的影响

以雌雄美洲黑杨(Populus deltoides)为研究对象,砂培条件下,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus intraradices)对受Pb污染(200 mg·kg-1)、Cd污染(10 mg·kg-1)及复合污染的雌雄美洲黑杨Pb和Cd的富集与分配特征的影响,关注Pb/Cd复合污染独特的环境效应.结果表明:1未接种丛枝菌根真菌条件下,与单一污染相比,复合污染增加了美洲黑杨雄株叶、粗根、细根Pb和Cd含量;复合污染增加了雌株叶片中Pb和Cd含量,却降低了粗根和细根中Pb和Cd含量;复合污染条件下雄株Pb和Cd向地上部分器官的迁移率分别增加135%和78%,雌株则分别增加52%和18%.2复合污染条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌引起雄株Pb和Cd富集系数分别增加87%和6%,雌株则分别增加171%和65%;雄株Pb和Cd向地上部分器官的迁移率降低65%和69%,雌株则分别降低59%和53%.3Pb污染条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌的雌雄之间Pb积累量没有显著差异;Cd污染条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌的雄株总Cd积累量是雌株的1.7倍;复合污染条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌的雌株Pb和Cd总积累量分别是雄株的1.3和1.2倍.本研究表明,接种G.intraradices能提高美洲黑杨的Pb和Cd积累能力,对于不同污染条件下,应根据实际情况选择合适的杨树性别进行造林和生态修复.     

疏勒河中下游绿洲胡杨种群结构与动态研究

通过在疏勒河中下游天然胡杨林区设置7个样方6.852 4 hm²,采用相邻格子法和动态数量值,分析胡杨种群的结构与动态特征。结果表明:中下游及不同生境胡杨种群年龄结构差异显著。中游幼苗缺失,幼树不多,中树最多,占总数的72.15%,大树较多,老树甚少,年龄结构呈正态分布型,林分年轻、稠密、高大,每公顷胡杨总数是下游的13.45倍。下游幼苗缺失,幼树极少,中树较多,大树最多,大、老树占总数的62.54%,年龄结构呈倒金字塔型,林分偏老,稀疏、矮小。中下游均为衰退种群。胡杨种群存活曲线基本接近Deevey I型,为下降种群;且存活率幼、中树高于大、老树,中游明显高于下游。种群数量动态计算表明,幼、中树动态量值为负值,大树、老树为正值,但胡杨总体表现为衰退的结构动态关系。总之,研究区胡杨未来因幼苗缺乏而趋于衰退演替,且下游衰退演替的速度更快。     

造纸废水灌溉对新疆杨体内钠离子含量的影响

测定分析了造纸废水灌溉对新疆杨体内钠离子含量的影响.研究结果表明,在造纸废水灌溉条件下,新疆杨体内不同生长部位的钠离子含量均随着灌溉年限的增加逐渐增大,新疆杨体内钠离子含量与土壤中钠离子含量呈显著正相关;新疆杨叶片中钠离子含量明显低于根系中钠离子含量,说明盐碱胁迫下新疆杨叶片耐钠性大于根系耐钠性,新疆杨根系是钠离子累积和外排的主要部位.     

疏勒河中下游绿洲胡杨林土壤水盐的空间变化特征与成因

胡杨林对保护疏勒河中下游绿洲脆弱的生态平衡具有决定性作用。认识疏勒河中下游绿洲胡杨林土壤水盐的空间变化特征与成因有利于胡杨林保护和更新复壮,促进研究区绿洲可持续发展。研究基于河西走廊疏勒河中下游绿洲天然胡杨林下8个采样点720个土壤样品,应用地统计学和数理统计学方法研究了胡杨林土壤水盐的空间变化特征及其原因。结果表明:研究区土壤含水量随深度而增加,土壤全盐量变化与之相反,两者在80 cm土层之上变化剧烈,之下变化平缓;且明显存在着自中游向下游土壤含水量逐渐减小,土壤全盐量逐渐增大的空间差异。土壤水盐含量变异明显,但均属于中强度变异。自然和人为因素共同作用造成研究区土壤水盐空间分布差异显著。     

大兴安岭南部温带山杨天然次生林不同生长阶段生物量及碳储量

基于内蒙古赛罕乌拉森林生态系统定位研究站山杨（Populus davidiana Dode）天然次生林幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林及过熟林生物量调查,探讨了不同龄组山杨天然次生林单株木、林分、林下植被和枯落物的生物量及群落碳储量的时空变化规律。结果表明：随林龄的增大,山杨天然次生林木和各器官生物量总体呈增加趋势,树干所占比例增加,中龄林增加尤为明显;林下植被层、枯落物层生物量随林龄增大呈增加趋势。群落总碳储量的空间分布序列是：乔木层〉枯落物层〉林下植被层。幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林和过熟林群落的碳储量分别为27.146 6、53.545 1、60.889 8、77.915 8、79.135 3t.hm-2,乔木层碳储量分别为22.206 5、47.215 7、52.056 3、68.445 3、68.773 1 t.hm-2,枯落物层和林下植被层碳储量平均值分别为5.814 4、2.172 7 t.hm-2。乔木层、枯落物层和林下植被层碳储量占总量的平均率分别为86.05%、10.39%和3.57%。研究认为山杨天然次生林群落碳储量随林龄增加的变化规律明显,碳汇潜力巨大;中龄林为碳储量增长迅速期,且持续较长一段时间,是林分管理的关键阶段;自然稀疏有利于促进林木生长,林分碳储量并未随林分密度下降而减小。     

Comparative analysis of metal translocation in red maple (Acer rubrum) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) populations from stressed ecosystems contaminated with metals

Uptake of contaminants by plants and their mechanisms have been the subjects of several studies, but reports on the analysis of metal translocation in hardwood trees are limited. The main objective of this study is to compare metal accumulation and translocation in red maple (Acer rubrum) and trembling aspen (Poplar tremuloides) growing in Northern Ontario. Results show that P. tremuloides leaf tissues accumulate more nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) than roots. The concentrations of these elements in A. rubrum were low in leaf, branch, and roots tissues compared to the bioavailable levels of these metals in soil. The translocation factors (TFs) of metals from roots to leaves were low for copper (Cu) and high for iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), Ni, and Zn in P. tremuloides. They varied from 0.52 to 3.26 for Fe, 3.39 to 5.47 for Mg, 2.6 to 16.4 for Ni, and 1.41 to 4.1 for Zn. For A. rubrum the TF was low for all the elements except Mg. For this species, the TF values from roots to leaves varied from 0.08 to 0.17 for Fe, 2.62 to 4.13 for Mg, 0.26 to 0.81 for Ni, and 0.71 to 0.90 for Zn. Overall, Cu does not accumulate in P. tremuloides and A. rubrum tissues, and the two species have different mechanisms in dealing with the other main contaminants in the region, specifically Ni and Zn. P. tremuloides is an accumulator for Ni and Zn while A. rubrum is an excluder for Zn and it uses the avoidance strategy to deal with soil Ni contamination.     

危害三倍体毛白杨的害虫种类、发生与防治研究

在湘南紫色岩试验区,为探讨害虫对三倍体毛白杨造林的影响,于2001~2004年间对危害该树种的害虫种类、发生规律、优势种群等进行了调查研究.结果表明,危害三倍体毛白杨的害虫共有49种,其中蛀干害虫桑天牛Apriona germari(Hope)为当地三倍体毛白杨上的主要害虫,直接影响该树种的生长,是制约三倍体毛白杨在该地区造林的关键因素;分月扇舟蛾C lostera anastom osis(L innaeus)为食叶害虫的优势种.考虑到虫害因素,不宜提倡在这些地方栽种不抗天牛危害的三倍体毛白杨.     

转基因毛白杨外源基因转移的环境风险分析

以8年生转Bt基因败育毛白杨雄株为实验材料,分离其体内、体外、根际土壤、蛀干桑天牛(Apripona germari Hope)排泄物中可培养的细菌和真菌,利用特异引物对获得的微生物进行转Bt基因败育毛白杨雄株外源基因PCR检测.实验发现,381株次细菌中有6株PCR检测阳性;307株次真菌中有4株PCR检测阳性.     

INUNDATION TOLERANCES OF RIPARIAN WILLOWS AND COTTONWOODS1

ABSTRACT: Throughout western North America, willows and cottonwoods are dominant woody plants in riparian zones, streamside areas that are periodically flooded. This study compared tolerances of willows‐Salix discolor, S. exigua, and S. lutea‐and cottonwoods‐Populus angustifolia, P balsamifera, and P deltoides‐to water inundation, one component of stream flooding. Rooted cuttings were grown for 152 days in 10 cm tall pots in water depths from 2.5 to 10 cm (inundated). Shoot and root elongation growth of the inundated cottonwoods were reduced 23 and 45 percent, while S. lutea was relatively unaffected and the inundated sandbar willow, S. exigua, displayed 72 and 43 percent increases in shoot and root elongation. The inundation reduced transpiration in P deltoides and for mature P balsamifera trees that were flooded by a small reservoir on Willow Creek, Alberta. Those flooded trees died in their second year of inundation. The greater inundation tolerance of willows versus cottonwoods is consistent with observations along Midvale Creek, Montana, where beaver dams created a pond in which P trichocarpa died while willows thrived after five years. These patterns of inundation tolerance are consistent with elevational zones of occurrence as willows‐and particularly the sandbar willow—occur at low elevations close to the stream. The understanding of inundation tolerances should assist in the provision of hydrologic patterns that will conserve and restore these shrubs and trees along streams and could permit their establishment along artificial reservoirs.     

Regeneration of Native Trees in the Presence of Invasive Saltcedar in the Colorado River Delta, Mexico

Abstract:  Many riparian zones in the Sonoran Desert have been altered by elimination of the normal flood regime; such changes to the flow regime have contributed to the spread of saltcedar ( Tamarix ramosissma Ledeb.), an exotic, salt-tolerant shrub. It has been proposed that reestablishment of a natural flow regime on these rivers might permit passive restoration of native trees, without the need for aggressive saltcedar clearing programs. We tested this proposition in the Colorado River delta in Mexico, which has received a series of large-volume water releases from U.S. dams over the past 20 years. We mapped the vegetation of the delta riparian corridor through ground and aerial surveys (1999–2002) and satellite imagery (1992–2002) and related vegetation changes to river flood flows and fire events. Although saltcedar is still the dominant plant in the delta, native cottonwood (  Populus fremontii S. Wats.) and willow ( Salix gooddingii C. Ball) trees have regenerated multiple times because of frequent flood releases from U.S. dams since 1981. Tree populations are young and dynamic (ages 5–10 years). The primary cause of tree mortality between floods is fire. Biomass in the floodplain, as measured by the normalized difference vegetation index on satellite images, responds positively even to low-volume (but long-duration) flood events. Our results support the hypothesis that restoration of a pulse flood regime will regenerate native riparian vegetation despite the presence of a dominant invasive species, but fire management will be necessary to allow mature tree stands to develop.