基于PSO优化逻辑斯蒂曲线的水资源安全评价模型

论文引入“压力-状态-响应”框架模型构建区域水资源安全定量评价的指标体系,采用逻辑斯蒂（Logistic）曲线模拟区域水资源安全评价,公式中的参数采用粒子群算法（PSO）进行优化,并用灵敏度分析的方法对公式进行了可靠性分析。优化好的Logistic指数公式用于安徽省16个地级市水资源安全评价,计算得到各地级市评价指数和相应的评价等级,并对压力层、状态层、响应层子系统进行分析。评价结果表明,基于粒子群算法优化的Logistic指数公式用于区域水资源安全评价,具有合理性和可行性,能为区域水资源规划与管理决策提供科学依据。     

南方典型旅游城市空气微生物粒径分布特征

在南方典型旅游城市杭州选取了4个样点进行了空气微生物取样工作.系统研究了杭州市室外空气微生物粒径分布特征.结果表明,不同样点空气细菌粒子百分比从Ⅰ级到Ⅵ级逐渐减少,总体呈偏态分布.交通干线,文教区,商业区和旅游风景区细菌粒子百分比最高值均出现在Ⅰ级,分别占29.1%,31.8%,33.5%和25.4%,最低值均出现在Ⅵ级,分别占11.7%,11.2%,6.5%和11.1%.不同样点空气真菌主要分布在Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级,总体呈对数正态分布,真菌百分比最高值均出现在Ⅳ级,分别占30.3%,30.2%,31.7%和28.3%,最低值出现在Ⅵ级,分别占5.2%,5.1%,3.3%和4.5%.青霉属,链格孢属,曲霉属和枝孢属优势真菌粒径均呈对数正态分布特征,但取样器各级真菌百分比各不相同.此外,空气细菌中值直径显著大于空气真菌,商业区空气细菌中值直径显著大于其他3个样点,而文教区真菌中值直径显著大于其他3个样点.研究结果进一步说明了城市室内外空气微生物粒径分布特征的不同,为室内外空气微生物污染的预防和控制提供了科学依据.     

DOC+CDPF配方对柴油公交车颗粒物排放特性影响

为研究不同DOC+CDPF（催化型连续再生颗粒捕集器）配方对公交车颗粒物排放特性的影响,以一辆满足国Ⅲ排放的柴油公交车为试验样车,在重型底盘测功机上分别进行了加装3种不同DOC+CDPF的柴油机在中国典型城市公交车循环（CCBC）中的排放特性试验,分析了不同贵金属负载量对柴油机颗粒物排放特性的影响.结果表明：在相同贵金属配比情况下,当DOC+CDPF催化剂配方中贵金属负载量较高时,颗粒物浓度降幅较大.3种方案的颗粒物质量浓度综合减排率分别为99.3%、98.8%、96.4%,平均降幅达到98.2%;当使用DOC+CDPF后,柴油机颗粒物粒径分布由双峰对数分布变为三峰对数分布,但不同催化剂配方下对应的粒径最大峰值点会偏移;采用DOC+CDPF装置后,发动机排放背压略有增加.且当贵金属负载量越高时,装置压降增量越少,被动再生性能越优异.     

Modeling quenching distance and flame propagation speed through an iron dust cloud with spatially random distribution of particles

In this research combustion of iron dust particles in a medium with spatially discrete sources distributed in a random way has been studied using a numerical approach. A new thermal model is generated to estimate flame propagation speed and quenching distance in a quiescent reaction medium. The flame propagation speed is studied as a function of iron dust concentration and particle diameter. The predicted propagation speeds as a function of these parameters are shown to agree well with experimental measurements. In addition, the minimum ignition energy has also been investigated as a function of equivalence ratio and particle diameter. The quenching distance has been studied as a function of particle diameter and validated by the experiment. Considering random distribution of particles, the obtained results provide more realistic and reasonable predictions of the combustion physics compared to the results of the uniform distribution of particles.     

Advanced techniques in air pollution†

Specific usage of neutron activation analysis, charged particle analysis, y photons analysis, G.C.M.S. coupling, stable isotope dilution techniques, are discussed.

Dust collected on filters, oxygenated compounds in exhaust gases from car engines, nitrogen oxides, have thus been determined.

Special calibration methods for ozone, and remote detection by Lidar Raman are also described.     

Passive sampling of PAHs in indoor air in Nepal

PAHs were sampled in ten homes in the Makwanpur region, Nepal. SPMDs and moss bags (Sphagnum girgensohnii) were used as passive samplers. Soot particles on the SPMD surfaces were also analyzed for PAHs. The overall PAH concentrations in SPMDs were significantly higher than those in moss bags. Total PAH mean concentrations of ten houses were 535μg/g lipid for SPMDs and 7.2 μg/g moss (dw) for moss bags. Ratios of phenanthrene/anthracene in indoor SPMDs and particulate matter varied from 2.9 to 3.5 and ratios of fluoranthene/pyrene varied from 1.1 to 1.4. The values for moss bags were respectively 1.7–3.6 and 0.8–2.4. These ratios indicate that the PAHs are from combustion origin. The PAH concentrations in ambient air were estimated as B(a)P TEQs and they were 17–64 times higher than acceptable limit for Finnish community air. Based on PAH levels in the gas phase (SPMD) we may expect PAHs to have an impact on respiratory disease prevalence in Nepalese villages. Both of the sampling methods were feasible in the difficult conditions under which the study was performed.     

不同粒径和不同浓度清洁疏浚物对2种海洋微藻生长的影响

采用室内模拟试验研究了不同粒径和不同浓度悬浮清洁疏浚物对2种常见海洋微藻小球藻（Chlorella sp.）和新月菱形藻（Nitzschia closterium）生长的影响.结果表明,在8d的试验周期里,与对照组相比,不同浓度清洁疏浚物对2种海洋微藻生长的影响均达极显著水平（P＜0.01）.在相同粒径范围内,悬浮清洁疏浚物质量浓度为1～7g·L-1时,其对微藻生长的抑制作用随浓度升高而增加.随悬浮清洁疏浚物粒径的减小,2种海洋微藻的细胞密度呈下降趋势,＞88～ 125 μm粒径范围内生长的藻细胞受影响最小,0～16 μm粒径范围内生长的藻细胞受影响最大.悬浮清洁疏浚物对2种海洋微藻比生长速率的抑制作用明显,延缓了最大比生长速率出现的时间.2种海洋微藻对悬浮清洁疏浚物的敏感性存在差异,小球藻对悬浮清洁疏浚物的反应更加迅速.     

堆石料双轴试验数值模拟研究

颗粒形状对堆石料的力学特性有着明显的影响。采用二维颗粒流程序建立5种不同形状特征的颗粒簇,开展了不同围压下堆石料的双轴试验的数值模拟研究,分析了不同形状特征对堆石料的破碎特性及其宏观力学性质的影响。分析过程中考虑堆石料的颗粒破碎特征,对布拉斯谢克形状系数s进行修正,提出了考虑颗粒形状特征的修正系数s′。研究结果表明:堆石料的破碎率随着修正后的形状系数s′值的增加而减少,其规律接近于反比例函数线;数值模拟过程中,5种试样随着轴向应变的增加呈先剪胀后剪缩的趋势,且越圆润的颗粒峰值体应变越大;材料的峰值强度随着s值的增大而增大。     

AERMOD模型模拟城市生活垃圾焚烧厂二 英类物质扩散迁移

根据二 英类物质在常温大气环境中的固相吸附态比例约为90%~100%的特性,提出以颗粒物TSP和PM10为载体模拟二 英类物质扩散迁移过程,并采用AERMOD模型进行模拟.结果表明,100%和80%的气-固分配系数设置对二 英类物质扩散迁移落地点浓度和距离影响不显著,颗粒物粒径分布系数影响较明显.二 英类物质实测浓度值为0.23~1.66 pg I-TEQ/m3.以TSP为载体AERMOD模拟浓度值为0.13~1.81 pg I-TEQ/m3,以PM10为载体模拟浓度为0.15~1.68 pg I-TEQ/m3.两参数对模拟结果产生的平均总不确定性分别为24.31%和12.43%.AERMOD模型模拟值与实测值相对差比值为0.01~0.89,PM10模拟浓度值比TSP模拟浓度值更接近于实测值.     

城市居家环境空气细菌群落结构特征

在北京市5个方向(东南西北中)共选取31户有小孩的家庭于2009年11月至2010年10月研究了城市居家环境空气细菌的群落结构特征.结果表明,从分离的632株空气细菌中共鉴定出43属细菌,其中革兰氏阳性菌32属,革兰氏阴性菌11属.优势菌属依次为微球菌属(Micrococcus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)和库克氏菌属(Kocuria), 分别占25%~31%,12%~17%, 10%~15%,9%~18%,4属细菌百分比约占63%~71%.在北京市取样的31户家庭中,空气细菌浓度范围为47~12341cfu/m3,平均值为1821cfu/m3.总体上,春季和夏季空气细菌浓度分别为2967cfu/m3和1742cfu/m3,明显高于秋季和冬季的1334cfu/m3和1242cfu/m3(P<0.05).北京市居家环境空气细菌浓度男孩家庭(2123cfu/m3)明显高于女孩家庭(1511cfu/m3)(P<0.01).