不同改良物质添加对滨海盐碱地土壤重金属及酶活性的影响

改良物质添加在改善土壤理化性质的同时也可能会导致土壤重金属累积.实验设置了对照（CK）、有机肥（OM）、聚丙烯酰胺+有机肥（PAM+OM）、秸秆覆盖+有机肥（SM+OM）、秸秆深埋+有机肥（BS+OM）和生物菌肥+有机肥（BM+OM）共6个处理方式,研究不同改良物质添加对滨海盐碱地土壤重金属和土壤酶活性的影响,以及二者之间的关系.结果表明,与CK处理相比,不同处理下土壤Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb含量呈现上升趋势,其中SM+OM和PAM+OM处理分别对Cr和Cu含量的影响最为显著,而BM+OM处理对Ni和Pb含量影响最为显著.与CK处理相比,改良物质添加后土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性显著上升,其中BM+OM处理效果最好;碱性磷酸酶活性呈现上升趋势,但上升程度较小;过氧化氢酶活性无显著变化.冗余分析表明前两轴累积可解释酶活性变异特征的70.3%,单一重金属对土壤酶活性影响的重要性大小依次为：Ni>Cu>Cr>Pb.     

Bioremediation of Acidic and Metalliferous Drainage (AMD) through organic carbon amendment by municipal sewage and green waste

Pit lakes (abandoned flooded mine pits) represent a potentially valuable water resource in hot arid regions. However, pit lake water is often characterised by low pH with high dissolved metal concentrations resulting from Acidic and Metalliferous Drainage (AMD). Addition of organic matter to pit lakes to enhance microbial sulphate reduction is a potential cost effective remediation strategy. However, cost and availability of suitable organic substrates are often limiting. Nevertheless, large quantities of sewage and green waste (organic garden waste) are often available at mine sites from nearby service towns. We treated AMD pit lake water (pH 2.4) from tropical, North Queensland, Australia, with primary-treated sewage sludge, green waste, and a mixture of sewage and green waste (1:1) in a controlled microcosm experiment (4.5 L). Treatments were assessed at two different rates of organic loading of 16:1 and 32:1 pit water:organic matter by mass. Combined green waste and sewage treatment was the optimal treatment with water pH increased to 5.5 in only 145 days with decreases of dissolved metal concentrations. Results indicated that green waste was a key component in the pH increase and concomitant heavy metal removal. Water quality remediation was primarily due to microbially-mediated sulphate reduction. The net result of this process was removal of sulphate and metal solutes to sediment mainly as monosulfides. During the treatment process NH(3) and H(2)S gases were produced, albeit at below concentrations of concern. Total coliforms were abundant in all green waste-treatments, however, faecal coliforms were absent from all treatments. This study demonstrates addition of low-grade organic materials has promise for bioremediation of acidic waters and warrants further experimental investigation into feasibility at higher scales of application such as pit lakes.     

不同磷处理对污染土壤中有效态铅及磷迁移的影响

为了研究不同含磷化合物对污染土壤中铅有效性的影响及其在土壤剖面中的迁移状况,对3种不同性质的含磷化合物按含量为2500、5000 mg·kg-1进行了土柱试验.结果表明,对铅污染土壤施入磷酸氢钙(SSP)、磷矿粉(PR)及羟基磷灰石(HA)能显著降低土壤表层CaCl2(0.01 mol·L-1)提取态铅的含量,且有效铅的含量随磷施入含量的增加而显著降低.在施磷270 d后,施入含量为5000 mg·kg-1的磷酸氢钙(SSP5)、磷矿粉(PR5)及羟基磷灰石(HA5)处理土壤有效铅的含量分别比对照降低了86.6%、81.1%和89.7%.对不同深度土壤有效磷和全磷含量分析表明,土壤中施入不同溶解性质的磷显著增加了土壤表层(0～10 cm)的有效磷(Olsen-p)及全磷的含量,土壤中有效磷及全磷的含量随着土柱深度的增加而显著降低.除了SSP5处理外,上述不同磷处理对于大于50 cm深度的土壤中的有效磷和全磷变化没有显著影响,而所有处理对于大于70 cm深度的土壤中有效磷和全磷含量没有显著影响.这表明在铅污染土壤中施入不同性质的磷能显著降低土壤中CaCl2(0.01 mol·L-1)提取态铅的含量,而土壤中施入的磷在土壤垂直剖面的迁移却很少,即使是易溶性的磷酸氢钙(SSP)也不会造成大于70cm深度的土壤剖面中磷含量的显著性差异,其原因可能与土壤胶体对磷的强力吸附有关.     

不同改良剂对铜矿尾矿砂的改良效果研究

研究了用蒙脱石、稻草和鸡粪作为改良剂对铜矿尾矿砂有效养分、有效态重金属含量、pH值以及对尾矿砂上黑麦草生长的影响。结果表明 :(1 )蒙脱石可显著提高尾矿砂对铵态氮的保留能力 ;(2 )施肥可降低尾矿砂的pH值 ,施用鸡粪可使尾矿砂pH值下降约 1个单位 ,而添加蒙脱石和稻草对尾矿砂pH值未产生明显影响 ;(3 )添加蒙脱石可使尾矿砂中铜、锌的有效态含量降低 ,而添加稻草和鸡粪则使其有效态重金属含量增高 ;(4 )随改良剂添加量的增加 ,蒙脱石和鸡粪处理组黑麦草吸收铜、锌的量减少而稻草处理组则增加 ;(5 ) 3种改良剂可明显影响尾矿砂上黑麦草的生长状况     

不同纳米修复剂对污染土壤中胡萝卜吸收、转运Cd的影响

通过盆栽实验研究不同纳米修复剂(羟基磷灰石HAP、赤泥RM、Fe3O4、胡敏酸-Fe3O4)对2种不同污染土壤Cd吸收、转运的影响。结果表明,上述纳米修复剂均可显著增加胡萝卜植株生物量,显著提高植株Cd胁迫的耐受指数;不同土壤施用不同纳米修复剂均显著降低胡萝卜植株Cd的含量,并且随着修复剂施加浓度的增加而显著降低;与对照相比,植株茎叶Cd含量最大降低达78.8%,根中Cd的含量最大降低67.8%;添加不同修复剂能不同程度地降低了土壤中Cd的转运系数和富集系数,这可能与施用不同纳米修复剂促进了土壤中非残留态Cd向残留态Cd的转化有关,总体而言,不同纳米型修复剂对降低Cd的有效性顺序为:RM～HAP>胡敏酸-Fe3O4>Fe3O4。     

Application of manure and compost to contaminated soils and its effect on zinc accumulation by Solanum nigrum inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Zn accumulation in Solanum nigrum grown in naturally contaminated soil in the presence of different types of organic amendments was assessed. Under the same conditions, the response of the plant to inoculation with two different isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus claroideum and Glomus intraradices) was also evaluated. S. nigrum grown in the non-amended soil always presented higher Zn accumulation in the tissues, with the addition of amendments inducing reductions of up to 80 and 40%, for manure and compost, respectively, and enhancing plant biomass yields. The establishment of S. nigrum in the Zn contaminated soil combined with the application of amendments led to a 70-80% reduction in the amount of Zn leached through the soil. The use of S. nigrum in combination with manure appeared as an effective method for reducing the effects of soil contamination, diminishing Zn transfer to other environmental compartments via percolation.     

The potential to increase soil carbon stocks through reduced tillage or organic material additions in England and Wales: A case study

Results from the UK were reviewed to quantify the impact on climate change mitigation of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks as a result of (1) a change from conventional to less intensive tillage and (2) addition of organic materials including farm manures, digested biosolids, cereal straw, green manure and paper crumble. The average annual increase in SOC deriving from reduced tillage was 310 kg C ± 180 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Even this accumulation of C is unlikely to be achieved in the UK and northwest Europe because farmers practice rotational tillage. N₂O emissions may increase under reduced tillage, counteracting increases in SOC. Addition of biosolids increased SOC (in kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ t⁻¹ dry solids added) by on average 60 ± 20 (farm manures), 180 ± 24 (digested biosolids), 50 ± 15 (cereal straw), 60 ± 10 (green compost) and an estimated 60 (paper crumble). SOC accumulation declines in long-term experiments (>50 yr) with farm manure applications as a new equilibrium is approached. Biosolids are typically already applied to soil, so increases in SOC cannot be regarded as mitigation. Large increases in SOC were deduced for paper crumble (>6 t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) but outweighed by N₂O emissions deriving from additional fertiliser. Compost offers genuine potential for mitigation because application replaces disposal to landfill; it also decreases N₂O emission.     

改良剂对污染土壤上蔬菜生长及吸收重金属的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了石灰、钙镁磷肥、海泡石3种改良剂对重金属As、Cd、Pb和Zn复合污染土壤上蔬菜生长及其吸收重金属的影响,并表征了土壤有效态重金属含量、pH及脲酶活性等指标变化。研究结果表明,施加石灰和钙镁磷肥可以促进蔬菜生长,其中,石灰处理下小白菜生物量较对照提高了99.0%;石灰和钙镁磷肥处理下,西红柿茎叶生物量分别比对照提高了80.7%和82.3%。施用改良剂提高了土壤pH和脲酶活性,土壤有效态重金属含量不同程度降低,特别是海泡石的后期修复效果明显。与对照相比,石灰和钙镁磷肥处理显著降低小白菜叶中As含量,明显抑制西红柿茎叶对As、Cd和Pb的吸收(p<0.05);施加石灰明显降低小白菜叶中Cd和Pb含量(p<0.05)。然而,海泡石对抑制蔬菜吸收重金属的效果不明显。石灰和钙镁磷肥能有效抑制重金属从蔬菜根部向地上部转运,可作为重金属污染土壤上种植农作物优先考虑施用的改良剂。     

磷肥和稻草对土壤重金属形态、微生物活性和植物有效性的影响

采用原位化学固定法,通过向土壤中添加修复剂磷肥和稻草,研究其对土壤中重金属形态、植物有效性和土壤微生物活性的影响.结果表明:添加磷肥和稻草可改变土壤中重金属Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的形态分布,使土壤中重金属高植物有效性的酸提取态比例降低;其中以磷肥+稻草组下降最多,酸提取态Cu比例从对照的50.4%降至8.7%,酸提取态Cd从56.2%降至29.5%,酸提取态Zn从32.9%降至25.1%,酸提取态Pb从21.1%降至检测限以下.磷肥、稻草及磷肥+稻草修复土壤后,4种重金属在油菜(Brassica napus L.)中的含量显著降低,且油菜干生物量由对照的0.46 g分别增至0.97、1.53和2.28 g.同时土壤中微生物活力得到提高,土壤微生物生物量碳由对照的19.16 mg/kg最高增至966.71 mg/kg,而代谢呼吸率由对照的21.95 mg/(kg.h)最大升至158.63 mg/(kg.h).证明磷肥和稻草可降低重金属对油菜和土壤微生物的毒性胁迫,改善污染土壤质量,促进植物和土壤微生物的生长.      

Effects of cotton straw amendment on soil fertility and microbial communities

Maintaining soil fertility, while controlling pollution from excessive chemical fertilizer application is important for keeping soil productivity of sustainable agriculture. Variety of straws have been used and proven to be good soil amendments for increasing soil organic matter (OM) and a range of additional soil nutrients. However, little is known about the utilization of cotton straw for soil amendment. To better understand the mechanism behind cotton straw soil amendments, investigations were performed upon cucumber seedlings, where changes to soil nutrients and microbial communities were investigated. The results revealed that the cotton straw application promoted the cucumber seedling growth by significantly increasing the soil OM, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium. The concentration of cotton straw was positively correlated to both the number of the culturable microorganisms and also the total microbial biomass within soil. Furthermore, assessment of cotton straw application using Biolog metabolic profiling and phospholipid fatty acid analysis revealed that such application increased the microbial community metabolic activity, and markedly changed the structure of microbial community. 16S rRNA gene clone library construction and phylogenetic analysis of soil bacteria revealed γ- Proteobacteria sequences dominated the cotton straw amendment soil, comprising 27.8% of the total number of analyzed sequences, while they were less represented in control soil (13.4%). On the contrary, the Sphingobacteria (7.8%) and Verrucomicrobia (2.4%) in the cotton straw amendment soil decreased after application when compared to the control soil 15.2% and 15.2%.