A WATERSHED-LEVEL ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY1

ABSTRACT: We present an ecological risk assessment methodology at the watershed level for freshwater ecosystems. The major component is a pollutant transport and fate model (a modified EUTROMOD) with an integrated uncertainty analysis utilizing a two-phase Monte Carlo procedure. The uncertainty analysis methodology distinguishes between knowledge uncertainty and stochastic variability. The model assesses the ecological risk of lentic (lake) ecosystems in response to the stress of excess phosphorus resulting in eutrophication. The methodology and model were tested on the Wister Lake watershed in Oklahoma with the lake and its trophic state as the endpoint for ecological risk assessment. A geographic information system was used to store, manage, and manipulate spatially referenced data for model input.     

纳米材料的水生态毒理学研究进展

纳米材料特殊的理化特性,使它们被广泛地应用到各个生活领域中,但纳米材料给人们生活带来巨大改变的同时,其对水环境引起的负面效应也引起了人们广泛的关注.纳米材料可通过多种途径进入水体,对水生生物产生毒理效应,其生态学影响不可忽视.目前,还很缺乏对纳米材料的水生态毒理学研究,众多不确定的生态安全性问题还有待更深入的研究.总结了国内外现有的相关研究,简要综述了纳米材料的水环境行为、水生态毒理学研究现状,分析了该研究领域的未来需要.     

Hazard mitigation or mitigation hazard?

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.; OSR) is estimated to be environmentally and economically problematic because volunteers and ferals occur frequently and because of its hybridisation potential with several wild and weedy species. A proposed mitigation strategy aims to reduce survival, in particular in conventional OSR crops, by coupling the transgenic target modification with a dwarfing gene to reduce competitive fitness. Our study allowed us to access potential ecological implications of this strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: On a large scale (>500 km(2)), we recorded phenological and population parameters of oilseed rape plants for several years in rural and urban areas of Northern Germany (Bremen and surroundings). The characterising parameter were analysed for differences between wild and cultivated plants. RESULTS: In rural areas, occurrences of feral and volunteer OSR together had an average density of 1.19 populations per square kilometre, in contrast to urban areas where we found 1.68 feral populations per square kilometre on average. Throughout the survey, the vegetation cover at the locations with feral OSR ranged from less than 10% to 100%. Our investigations gave clear empirical evidence that feral OSR was, on average, at least 41% smaller than cultivated OSR, independent of phenological state after onset of flowering. DISCUSSION: The findings can be interpreted as phenotypic adaptation of feral OSR plants. Therefore, it must be asked whether dwarfing could be interpreted as an improvement of pre-adaptation to feral environments. In most of the sites where feral plants occurred, germination and establishment were in locations with disturbed vegetation cover, allowing initial growth without competition. Unless feral establishment of genetically modified dwarfed traits are specifically studied, it would not be safe to assume that the mitigation strategy of dwarfing also reduces dispersal in feral environments. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: With respect to OSR, we argue that the proposed mitigation approach could increase escape and persistence of transgene varieties rather than reducing them. We conclude that the development of effective hazard mitigation measures in the risk evaluation of genetically modified organisms requires thorough theoretical and empirical ecological analyses rather than assumptions about abstract fitness categories that apply only in parts of the environment where the plant can occur.     

MB(A2/O)处理城市污水富磷上清液的化学除磷研究

为开发新型除磷脱氮工艺，研制了将MBR和A²/O工艺相结合的新型MB(A²/O)反应器。研究了MB(A²/O)反应器处理城市污水厌氧富磷上清液的化学除磷，并分析了过程机理及特性。结果表明：对于TP在30～45 mg/L的富磷上清液，采用含20% Ca(OH)₂的工业石灰与P的最佳投加质量比为22.5；纯Ca(OH)₂与P的最佳投加质量比为5.6（摩尔比为2.5）；FeSO₄·7H₂O与P的最佳投加质量比为10.7（Fe^2＋与P的摩尔比为1.3）；Al₂(SO₄)₃·12H₂O与P的最佳投加质量比为12（Al^3＋与P的摩尔比为1.3）时，均可使出水TP稳定在0.3 mg/L以下；以石灰、NaOH的联合投加方式可大幅减少石灰投加量。     

中国水体环境中多氯联苯的存在水平研究

从自然水体、水体沉积物及水生生物3个层次,系统分析多氯联苯在中国部分水体环境中的污染水平及其可能的致污原因。其结果表明:中国的大部分水体直接含有多氯联苯的量符合相应的环境质量标准,对饮水安全不构成直接威胁;沉积物中存在的多氯联苯大多源于航海运输事业的污染物排放,有关部门应采取相应的管理措施对运输船只的排污进行限制;水生生物中多氯联苯的含量在香港和珠江口出现超标现象,应引起人们的注意,积极改善该地区的水产养殖环境。     

4种石油化工污染物对15种水生动物急性毒性效应

采用１５种试验生物测试了硫氰酸钠、二甲基甲酰胺、乙腈和丙烯腈等４种石油化工废水中常见污染物对水生生物的急性毒性．结果表明，４种石油化合物对１５种水生动物的ρ（ＬＣ５０）［或ρ（ＥＣ５０）］分别为４．２２～１６９１ｍｇ／Ｌ，２４００～２２６１９ｍｇ／Ｌ，４３４６～１６１９４ｍｇ／Ｌ和５．１６～１９．６４ｍｇ／Ｌ，说明丙烯腈为高毒污染物，乙腈和硫氰酸钠为中等毒性的污染物，而二甲基甲酰胺为低毒污染物；８种鱼类对试验污染物的敏感性基本接近，因而常用的毒性试验用鱼（鲢鱼和鲤鱼）可以较好地代表我国主要的淡水鱼类；中华大蟾蜍、黑斑蛙、盐水卤虫、摇蚊幼虫、折叠萝卜螺和霍甫氏水丝蚓等可以用来作为常用水生态毒理学试验生物的补充，以满足对污染物进行某些特殊的水生态毒理学研究和生物监测时的需要．     

电厂温排水热污染防治对策初探

火、核电厂排放的循环冷却水是工业温排水中最大的热排放源。论述了火、核电厂温排水向其受纳环境水域释放的巨大热量，以及热排放对环境水域水体的理化性质及生态系统的热影响；提出采用热泵等高技术手段回收回用此余热使污源减排是治理受纳水域水生态环境，修复水域环境热容量最根本、最有效的措施；同时建议修订我国水质标准（规范）中对水温的规定，以切实加强水域热排放的有效管理。在新世纪和谐电力建设进程中，电厂循环冷却水余热高效利用不仅有明显的环境保护意义，而且在电厂节能提效，实现温排水资源化中也将有重大的经济和社会效益。     

RELATION OF MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY IMPAIRMENT TO CATCHMENT CHARACTERISTICS IN NEW JERSEY STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: The level of macroinvertebrate community impairment was statistically related to selected basin and water-quality characteristics in New Jersey streams. More than 700 ambient biomonitoring stations were chosen to evaluate potential and known anthropogenic effects. Macroinvertebrate communities were assessed with a modified rapid-bioassessment approach using three impairment ratings (nonimpaired, moderately impaired, and severely impaired). Maximum-likelihood multiple logistic-regression analysis was used to develop equations defining the probability of community impairment above predetermined impairment levels. Seven of the original 140 explanatory variables were highly related to the level of community impairment. Explanatory variables found to be most useful for predicting severe macroinvertebrate community impairment were the amount of urban land and total flow of municipal effluent. Area underlain by the Reading Prong physiographic region and amount of forested land were inversely related to severe impairment. Nonparametric analysis of variance on rank-transformed bioassessment scores was used to evaluate differences in level of impairment among physiographic regions and major drainage areas simultaneously. Rejection of the null hypothesis indicated that the levels of impairment among all six physiographic regions and five major drainage areas were not equal. Physiographic regions located in the less urbanized northwest portion of New Jersey were not significantly different from each other and had the lowest occurrence of severely impaired macroinvertebrate communities. Physiographic regions containing urban centers had a higher probability of exhibiting a severely impaired macroinvertebrate community. Analysis of major drainage areas indicates that levels of impairment in the Atlantic Coastal Rivers drainage area differed significantly from those in the Lower Delaware River drainage area.     

CHARACTERIZATION OF TOXIC CONDITIONS ABOVE WILSON'S CREEK NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD PARK,MISSOUR1

ABSTRACT: Wilson's Creek has an extensive history of toxicity from both point and nonpoint sources. Seven-day chronic daphnid (Ceriodaphnia dubia) bioassays identified one toxic site in the Wilson's Creek watershed. Procedures for the characterization phase of a Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) were modified for chronic assessment and performed on four water samples from the toxic site. The characterization involved chemical/physical alterations of samples, combined with bioassays, to help in identification of the class(es) of toxicants; followed by chemical analyses. To help understand the additivity of mixtures, toxic units were derived. Successive samples contained concentrations of copper, cadmium, nickel and zinc that literature values describe as being chronically toxic to daphnids. Summed chronic toxic units for these values greatly exceeded ambient toxic units, and more than accounted for observed toxicity. Substantial fluctuations in water quality occurred over the five sampling periods of the characterization studies and a Test of Methods, June through August, 1991. This variability illustrates the difficulty in detecting and documenting nonpoint sources of pollution. Tests using living organisms, in conjunction with toxicity identification methods, on samples taken over time appear to be appropriate for detecting acute and chronic toxicity in areas impacted by intermittent point and nonpoint-source toxicity.     

水生态监测方法研究进展及在黄河流域的应用实践

水生态监测能够为水生态环境监督、管理和保护提供重要的数据和技术支撑。加强黄河水生态监测,维护流域水生态系统健康,对促进黄河流域高质量发展具有重要意义。从常规水质监测、生境监测和生物监测3个方面,分析了中国水生态监测方法的研究进展及在黄河流域的应用实践。结合黄河流域水生态监测尤其是生物监测相对滞后的现状,探讨了流域水生态监测的发展方向。建议加快黄河流域水生态监测能力建设,建立适用于黄河流域的水生态监测与评价标准体系,探索新兴监测技术与传统技术的有机结合。