Effect of sulfate on the methanogenic activity of a bacterial culture from a brewery wastewater during glucose degradation

The maximum specific methanogenic activity （SMA） of a sludge originating from a brewery wastewater treatment plant on the degradation of glucose was investigated at various levels of sulfate on a specific loading basis. Batch experiments were conducted in serum bottles at pH 7 and 35℃. A comparison of the values indicates that the SMA of this mixed culture was increased and reached its highest level of 0.128 g CH4 gas COD/（g VSS.d） when biomass was in contact with sulfate at a ratio of 1：0.114 by weight.     

Biostability in distribution systems in one city in southern China：Characteristics, modeling and control strategy

This study investigated the bacterial regrowth in drinking water distribution systems receiving finished water from an advanced drinking water treatment plant in one city in southem China. Thirteen nodes in two water supply zones with different aged pipelines were selected to monitor water temperature, dissolved oxygen （DO）, chloramine residual, assimilable organic carbon （AOC）, and heterotrophic plate counts （HPC）. Regression and principal component analyses indicated that HPC had a strong correlation with chloramine residual. Based on Chick-Watson＇s Law and the Monod equation, biostability curves under different conditions were developed to achieve the goal of HPC 100 CFU/mL. The biostability curves could interpret the scenario under various AOC concentrations and predict the required chloramine residual concentration under the condition of high AOC level. The simulation was also carded out to predict the scenario with a stricter HPC goal （≤50 CFU/mL） and determine the required chloramine residual. The biological regrowth control strategy was assessed using biostability curve analysis. The results indicated that maintaining high chloramine residual concentration was the most practical way to achieve the goal of HPC ≤ 100 CFU/mL. Biostability curves could be a very useful tool for biostability control in distribution systems. This work could provide some new insights towards biostability control in real distribution systems.     

DGGE及T-RFLP分析光照下电位对细菌群落的影响

电位和光照能影响生物电化学系统中产电光合微生物的富集和生长,为了明确电位对细菌多样性的影响,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)和末端限制性片段长度多态性(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)两种方法分析光照条件下电位对电极生物膜细菌群落多样性的影响,实验设置0、0.2、0.4、0.6 V(vs.Ag/AgCl)4个电位.结果表明,0.6 V(vs.Ag/AgCl)下电极生物膜细菌DGGE条带数量较其他处理明显降低,对条带的测序结果显示不同电位下电极生物膜细菌主要属于α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacteria)和梭菌纲(Clostridia).而0.2 V(vs.Ag/AgCl)处理下末端限制性片段(terminal restriction fragment,T-RF)的数量最高,片段数量随电压进一步升高呈现降低趋势.虽然DGGE和T-RFLP两种方法分析结果有一定差异,但都能反映电位对电极生物膜细菌群落多样性影响显著,高电位降低了细菌多样性.     

优势微生物菌群消减有机污泥作用效果分析

本文阐述用优势微生物菌群消解有机污泥的作用效果及原因,指出了优势菌群的构成类别和消解特点。实验结果表明,污泥消解率可达到55%,且过程对出水水质不产生负面影响,水质指标均符合GB18918-2002要求。     

化学消毒的中和剂对水中内毒素活性检测的影响

本研究选取化学消毒的常用6种中和剂组氨酸、甘氨酸、抗坏血酸、吐温80、亚硫酸钠和硫代硫酸钠,采用动态浊度鲎试验定量检测样品中内毒素活性,研究中和剂在不同浓度范围内单独使用对内毒素活性检测的影响,旨在优选出适于鲎法检测细菌内毒素的中和剂种类,确定合适的浓度范围.结果表明在0~1.0%浓度范围内,除了甘氨酸和硫代硫酸钠之外,组氨酸、抗坏血酸、吐温80、亚硫酸钠(碱性和中性)均对鲎试验结果有不同程度的干扰,都不能在鲎试验之前作为化学消毒的中和剂.虽然0~1.0%浓度的甘氨酸对鲎试验结果基本无明显影响,但是甘氨酸和戊二醛的中和产物显黄色,所以不适于在光度法鲎试验中用作戊二醛的中和剂.0~1.0%浓度的硫代硫酸钠对鲎试验结果基本无明显干扰,但是当浓度升高至1.0%~5.0%时会对鲎试验结果有一定的抑制作用.与组氨酸、甘氨酸、抗坏血酸、吐温80和亚硫酸钠相比,硫代硫酸钠更适于在内毒素活性检测之前用作消毒剂的中和剂,但是浓度应控制在0.5%范围以内.     

低DO下AGS-SBR处理低COD/N生活污水长期运行特征及种群分析

本研究在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中接种好氧颗粒污泥(AGS),构成AGS-SBR系统,研究其在低DO(0.5~1.0mg·L~(-1))条件下,处理低COD/N比(4.0)生活污水同步脱氮除磷的长期稳定运行特性,并解析反应器的主要菌群构成.结果表明,在反应器运行的180d里,AGS-SBR系统表现出了良好且稳定的除污能力,反应器对水体中COD、NH~+_4-N、TN和TP平均去除率分别达到87.17%、95.21%、77.05%和91.11%.好氧颗粒污泥沉降性能一直很好,污泥始终保持着完整的颗粒外观和密实紧凑的结构,并没有出现明显的颗粒污泥解体的现象.同时,高通量测序结果表明,变形菌门、厚壁菌门、绿菌门、绿弯菌门和拟杆菌门为SBR-AGS反应器中主要优势菌群.Denitratisoma、Planctomycetaceae、Thauera、Comamonas、Nitrosomonas和Nitrospira是反应器中与脱氮有关菌群;Clostridium和Anaerolinea是除磷相关细菌.     

三门湾近海有机污染对浮游细菌群落的影响

近海污染问题日趋严重,因此亟需评价污染对海洋环境造成的潜在影响.微生物作为对环境变化的首要响应者,可能作为评价污染水平的指示生物.为此,本文采集三门湾和邻近鱼山保护区共21个站点的表层海水,利用Illumina技术测定细菌16S rRNA基因,对比研究有机污染对浮游细菌群落的影响.三门湾的有机污染(A)为4.57±2.41,显著(P0.001)高于鱼山保护区0.43±0.74.三门湾和鱼山保护区的浮游细菌多样性和群落结构差异显著,其中三门湾水域的放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacteria)、SAR406的相对丰度显著高于鱼山保护区,而拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)的相对丰度低于鱼山保护区.多元回归树分析(multivariate regression tree,MRT)发现浮游细菌多样性主要受pH、有机污染和叶绿素a(Chl-a)的影响,分别控制了27.7%、15.6%和6.7%的多样性变异.冗余分析(redundancy analysis)结果表明驱动细菌群落变异环境因子为有机污染、pH和盐度(salinity),共解释了14.8%的群落变异.同时,空间距离与细菌群落组成显著相关,解释了4.42%的变异,表明浮游细菌的空间分布不是随机的.此外,本研究筛选到与有机污染状况显著相关的23个细菌科,各科相对丰度的变化与其已知的生态功能特征相吻合,因此可以作为潜在的有机污染指示种群.本实验结果表明近海有机污染显著地改变了浮游细菌群落结构,特别是潜在病原菌丰度的增加;此外,筛选到敏感指示种群用于评估有机污染程度.     

微生物法和微生物生态法的评价和选用

微生物法和微生物生态法作为生物治理方案的两大类型，已日益受到环保工作者的重视。这两种类型的治理方法各有特点，各有利弊。如何选择使用？主要取决于污染场所中污染形成的时间长短、污染程度、污染物浓度、污染物中是否含有污水、是否需要快速治理等。应明确指出的是，采用生物治理法虽可在多种情况下大大降低污染物的浓度，但从长远来看，还不能单纯依靠降低污染物的排放浓度，而是应从低浓度污染物对人和环境产生的长期影响着眼，制定出一套治理标准，这样才能准确评价生物治理技术在环境保护中所起的真正作用。     

Dynamics of Bacterial Abundance,Biomass, Activity,and Community Composition in the Oligotrophic Traunsee and the Traun River (Austria)

The holomictic Traunsee is the deepest and second largest lakein Austria. The special characteristic of this ecosystem isthe fact that local salt and soda industries presumably alterthe lake by the discharge of waste materials. Since thebeginning of the 20th century salt and soda works areannually releasing up to 50,000 tons of solid wastes and up to150,000 tons of chloride into Traunsee. To assess potentialeffects of these anthropogenic impacts on the bacterioplanktonthree sampling sites, influenced as well as not influenced bythe industrial discharge, were chosen for comparison andsampled monthly from November 1997 to October 1998. Bacterialabundance ranged between 0.4 to 3.0 × 10⁶ cells ml^-1 with decreasing numbers along the depth profile. Theproportion of actively respiring bacteria, i.e. INT [2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride]reducing cells, never exceeded 10% of DAPI (4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole) stained cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to examine the seasonal and spatial distribution of dominant phylogenetic groups of thebacterioplankton. Up to 84% of bacteria detected with DAPIcould be detected via FISH applying the universal bacterialprobe EUB338. Percentages of alpha- and beta-Proteobacteriaand members of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster did notexceed 60% of DAPI-stained cells.Beta-Proteobacteriaappeared to be the most abundant group, not only in Traunsee butalso in two reference lakes, Attersee and Hallstättersee. No significant differences in any of the bacterial parameters couldbe detected between the three sampling sites and all measurementswere found in the range reported for oligotrophic lakes. The highdischarge of the Traun River, resulting in a lake water renewaltime of only one year, may diminish possible effects of industrial waste discharge in the pelagic zone.     

EFFECTS OF SELECTED HERBICIDES ON BACTERIAL POPULATIONS IN NONTREATED AND TREATED WATER1

ABSTRACT: Bacterial populations in nontreated and herbicide-treated waters were subjected to three different herbicides. Diuron, dichlobenil, and diquat were added (100 mg/l) to water samples from two fresh water lakes and two herbicide-treated ponds. Total numbers of bacteria were monitored. Bacterial populations in fresh lake water decreased after herbicide additions; however, final populations were significantly greater than the controls. Similar observations were recorded for bacteria in dichlobenil- and diuron-treated waters. Selective enrichment is probably expressed in these experiments.