Experimental study on vented deflagration of hydrocarbon fuel-air mixtures in a 20-L semi-confined cylindrical vessel with a slight static activation pressure

The overpressure peaks and flame propagation characteristics of hydrocarbon fuel-air mixtures vented deflagration in a 20-L cylindrical vessel with a slight static activation overpressure (P_ST = 2.5 kPa) and five vent opening ratio were studied by a series of experiments. The experiments focused on the effect of vent opening ratio on the overpressure peaks and flame propagation characteristics of hydrocarbon fuel-air mixture vented deflagration. The internal overpressure-time profiles and high-speed photographs of flame propagation processes were obtained. The results showed that three overpressure peaks were distinguished in the internal overpressure-time profiles, caused by the burst vent cover (p_burst), the acceleration of burnt gas (p_fv), and the fierce external deflagration of vented unburned fuel (p_ext), respectively. The changing of the vent opening ratio had almost no effect on the value of p_burst and (dp_burst/dt). With increasing vent opening ratio, the values of p_fv, p_ext, (dp_fv/dt) and (dp_ext/dt) showed a decreasing trend while the values of p_burst and (dp_burst/dt) were nearly constant. The flame presented a hemispherical shape before the vent cover ruptured then developed as a mushroom shape after accelerated to external field. There were three flame speed peaks during flame propagation process, resulted from venting flow acceleration, external deflagration, and axial heat flux formed by internal combustion. With the increase of vent opening ratio, all of the maximum flame speed, external average flame speed, maximum flame distance and external flame duration showed a downward trend, excepting for the internal average flame speed almost remained constant.     

聚合氯化铝混凝强化新生态铁锰复合氧化物吸附去除水中的磷

采用氧化-共沉淀法制备出新生态铁锰复合氧化物(FMBO),研究了单独投加FMBO和聚合氯化铝(PACl)强化FMBO吸附除磷效能及吸附磷后的颗粒物特性。结果表明,单独投加FMBO后形成的颗粒物表面带负电荷,颗粒物聚集和沉淀性能较差。PACl的投加降低了颗粒物的表面电荷,促进了颗粒物的聚集,平均粒径明显增加,改善了颗粒物的沉淀性能;通过SEM-EDAX发现,投加PACl形成的复合颗粒物表面更为粗糙,Al元素在复合颗粒物表面相对富集。PACl的投加强化了FMBO的吸附除磷效果,在实验原水条件下FMBO和PACl最佳投量分别为12和30 mg/L,此时TDP去除率高达95.6%。并且出水中Fe、Mn、Al浓度均远低于《地表水环境质量标准》中规定的限值。PACl强化新生态FMBO易于实现原位投加,在水体和水处理除磷工艺中具有较好的应用潜力。     

Investigation on working fluids selection for organic rankine cycles with low-temperature heat sources

The Influence of mixed and pure working fluids on the performance of organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) is discussed. Specifically, the performance of mixed and pure working fluids is analyzed based on certain characteristics of low-temperature heat source and heat sink. A method of selecting binary zeotropic mixed working fluids that match with different heat sinks is introduced. Thermodynamic processes of ORCs for various heat sources are simulated in Matlab. The performance characteristics of pure and mixed working fluids are compared under different inlet temperatures and temperature gradients of sensible heat sources. The results demonstrate that when the initial temperature of a heat source is lower and its temperature gradient is higher, and the temperature gradient of the heat sink is higher, mixed working fluids have better performance than pure working fluids. However, for the opposite heat source and heat sink situations, pure working fluids perform better. Mixtures with low critical temperature components exhibit the best performance among all working fluids when the temperature gradient of the heat source is large. The analysis also shows that introduction of a recuperator may reduce the cycle efficiency when the heat source temperature is low and the temperature gradient of the heat source is large.     

疲劳驾驶交通事故的严重程度影响因素分析

为探究和定量分析疲劳驾驶交通事故严重程度的影响因素,以广东省1370条疲劳驾驶事故数据为基础,对比分析不同年份、时间段以及年龄段的疲劳驾驶交通事故特征;以交通事故严重程度为因变量,将其分为严重事故和非严重事故,从驾驶员年龄、驾龄、车辆类型等17个初步选择的自变量中筛选对疲劳驾驶交通事故严重程度具有显著影响的因素;采用二...     

孤岛油田二元驱采出水破乳除油技术研究

分析了孤岛油田二元驱污水特性,针对其乳化油较多,粒径大小分布不均,且较稳定的特点,设计了具有大锯齿结构特征的反相破乳剂分子结构,并合成新型高效反相破乳剂WRD-34,评价了药剂的除油性能。在孤岛孤四联合站应用此新型反相破乳剂开展破乳除油现场试验,二元驱污水的破乳效果得到明显提高,含油量由处理前的514～1 202mg/L降低到13.2～54.0 mg/L。     

基于人工神经网络的二元液体闪点预测

建立了一个基于人工神经网络的理论模型,用于预测二元混合液体的闪点.根据所研究混合液体的物理性质,选择了相关黏度、表面张力等物理参数来表征闪点,以这些参数作为输入参数,二元混合液体的闪点作为输出值,应用反向传播(BP)人工神经网络方法对两者之间的内在定量关系进行模拟.结果表明,闪点预测值与实验值符合良好,优于传统的计算方...     

无烟煤对超临界态CH4-CO2气体吸附特性研究*

为探究无烟煤对超临界态CH4-CO2混合气体的吸附特性,采用重量法开展无烟煤对纯CH4与纯CO2气体、3种体积浓度CH4-CO2混合气样的超临界等温吸附实验,应用过剩吸附理论和Langmuir单层吸附理论,通过校正绝对吸附量、计算吸附相密度、煤的比表面积以及测定吸附平衡后游离态气体组分,探究由亚临界状态到超临界状态下无烟煤吸附纯CH4、纯CO2以及混合气体的吸附相密度变化特征、混合气吸附特征以及吸附分子层数。研究结果表明:煤对纯CH4与纯CO2、混合气体过剩吸附量随着压力增大呈现出先增大后减小的峰值型曲线;CH4绝对吸附量随吸附压力增大不断增大,接近CH4临界压力时,绝对吸附量缓慢增加并趋于稳定。低压下CH4在煤颗粒中以单层吸附为主;超过临界压力后出现表面局部2层吸附的现象;1~3 MPa 时,CO2在煤颗粒中即表现出2层吸附为主的现象,随压力增大甚至出现局部4层吸附的现象,煤颗粒对CO2有更大的吸附能力。     

生理药代动力学模型及其在健康风险评价中的应用研究进展

生理药代动力学(Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic,PBPK)模型在健康风险评估中的应用逐渐成为研究的焦点.简要阐述了PBPK模型的定义及发展历程,在此基础上详细介绍了PBPK模型建立的过程及其在致癌风险评估、混合物健康风险评估中的应用.最后,总结了该模型在健康风险评估应用中的受限因素,提出跨学科合作有利于解决这些受限因素,从而进一步推进该模型在混合物健康风险评价中的应用.     

二元含汞重金属混合物对费氏弧菌的联合毒性研究

以费氏弧菌(Vibrio fucheri)作为毒性测试物种,测定了Hg2+、pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2、Cr6+对费氏弧菌的单一毒性;采用等毒性配比法研究了Hg2+/pb2+、Hg2+/Cr6+、Hg2+/Cu2+、Hg2+/Zn2+、Hs+/Cd2+5种二元混合体系的联合毒性作用.结果表明,重金属离子单独存在时均会对费氏弧菌产生毒性作用,发光菌的相对发光强度均与重金属离子质量浓度呈负相关关系,线性相关系数为0.876 4～0.973 0.Hg2+、Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+单独存在时对费氏弧菌的EC50分别为0.045 mg/L、0.181 mg/L、0.300mg/L、0.117 mg/L、0.614 mg/L、23.000mg/L,重金属离子毒性从大到小为Hg2+、Cd2+、pb2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr6+.而与单一重金属相比,其二元混合物对费氏弧菌的生物毒性效应和强度完全不同.Hg2+/pb2+、Hg2+/Cr6+二元混合体系表现为拮抗作用,Hg2+/Cu2+、Hg2+/Zn2+均表现为协同作用,Hg2+/Cd2+表现为加和作用.     

Validation of a new formula for predicting the lower flammability limit of hybrid mixtures

A correlation of the lower flammability limit for hybrid mixtures was recently proposed by us. The experimental conditions including ignition energy and turbulence which play a primary role in a gas or dust explosion were at fixed values. The sensitivity of such experimental conditions to the accuracy of the proposed formula was not thoroughly discussed in the previous work. Therefore, this work studied the effect of varying the ignition energy and turbulence intensity to the formula proposed in our previous paper. For ignition energy effect, results from methane/niacin mixture demonstrated that the MEC and LFL will not be affected by changing ignition energy. There is no distinguishable difference among gas explosion index (K_G) and dust explosion index (K_St) derived from tests with every ignition energy (2.5 kJ, 5 kJ and 10 kJ) in a 36 L vessel. The proposed formula is independent of ignition energy. For turbulence effect, the proposed formula can have a good prediction of the explosion and non-explosion zone if the ignition delay time is within a certain range. The formula prediction is good as the ignition delay time increases up to 100 ms in this work. Propane/niacin and propane/cornstarch mixtures are also tested to validate the proposed formula. It has been confirmed that the proposed formula predicts the explosion and non-explosion zone boundary of such mixtures.