EFFECTS OF TREATED BLEACHED KRAFT MILL EFFLUENT ON EGGS AND PROLARVAE OF STRIPED BASS (MORONE SAXATILIS)1

ABSTRACT: Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) eggs and prolarvae were exposed to a range of treated bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) concentrations from 0 to 20 percent effluent by volume (v/v) under continuous flow test conditions. The treated BKME used in the study before dilution had a BOD₅ of 18 to 25 mg/l, TSS of 60 to 185 mg/l and true color of 1750 to 1755 mg/l. No mortality attributable to BKME was found in three separate egg studies. No delayed hatching of the eggs occurred in any of the BKME treatments relative to the control treatment. No significant morphological abnormalities (pugheadness, truncation, or scoliosis) were found in prolarvae exposed to BKME from the egg stage through six days post/hatch. Tests with prolarvae revealed that BKME at concentrations from 2 to 20 percent v/v did not cause mortality during exposures up to 60 hours. However, BKME concentrations ranging between 8 to 12 percent up to 20 percent v/v caused increased mortality after 72 hours of exposure.     

二恶英类物质的生物检测方法

我国的食品卫生、环境安全和公共健康正受到二恶英污染的威胁。国内虽已建成或在建少数HRGC-HRMS二恶英检测实验室,但其检测能力十分有限。笔者介绍二恶英类化合物生物检测方法,对各分析方法的原理和应用进行了对比分析;重点探讨CALUX法,与HRGC-HRMS及其他生物法相比,认为CALUX法更适于对大批量样品二恶英含量的快速定量筛选,对于二恶英污染调查有广阔的应用前景;同时对我国开展二恶英类分析检测提出了建议和展望,为完善二恶英类物质检测分析体系提供了依据。     

高内涵筛选技术的原理及其在生态毒理学的应用

大量存在于环境中的有毒污染物仍然缺乏足够的毒理学数据来对其进行有效的监管,为了满足海量化合物毒性评价的需要,基于离体生物测试的高通量毒性筛选方法在近些年得到了迅猛的发展。高内涵筛选技术是新型的高通量化合物毒性筛选方法,该方法最显著的特点是能够在保持细胞结构和功能完整的基础上同时获取多种毒性指标。因此在简介高内涵筛选技术原理的基础上,综述了其在生态毒理学领域已有的应用,并针对性地对高内涵筛选技术的发展和挑战进行了展望。     

基于原位生物测试的水生态风险评估技术研究

我国流域水环境呈现典型的复合污染特征,亟需发展基于生物效应的生态风险评估方法,以实现环境管理和生态修复的精准化.在野外原位暴露下受试生物受到多种污染物的共同胁迫,可以准确表征研究位点复合污染所产生的生态风险.原位生物测试较传统实验室生物测试具有更高的环境真实性和生态相关性,较野外生物监测对生物体承受的外源污染压力更清晰、可控.综述了基于原位生物测试的水生态风险评估技术,旨在促进该技术在我国水环境监测中的应用,提高生态风险评估的准确度.总结了国内外近年来原位生物测试的研究特色,详细阐述了实施过程中受试生物选择、暴露装置设计和研究位点选择的原则,以及原位生物测试方法在水环境生态风险评估中的应用案例.结果表明:①对原位生物测试实施要素进行规范化形成标准,将有利于该方法在环境管理中的推广应用.②利用原位生物效应、原位生物体内浓度以及二者与环境浓度相结合进行风险评估,是原位生物测试在生态风险评估中的三类应用类型.③原位生物暴露与被动采样的联合应用可同步获取原位生物效应和污染物生物可利用浓度,有利于实现全面准确的风险评估,应用潜力较大.研究表明,选用本土模式生物,采用多层次的毒性终点,设计简单有效的暴露装置,并同时考虑原位生物效应和环境浓度将有利于原位生物测试方法在我国的发展.      

A weight-adjusted Peto’s test when cause of death is not assigned

A new statistical testing approach using a weighted logrank statistic is developed for rodent tumorigenicity assays that have a single terminal sacrifice but not cause-of-death data. Instead of using cause-of-death assignment by pathologists, the number of fatal tumors is estimated by a constrained nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation method. For data lacking cause-of-death information, the Peto test is modified with estimated numbers of fatal tumors and a Fleming–Harrington-type weight, which is based on an estimated tumor survival function. A bootstrap resampling method is used to estimate the weight function. The proposed testing method with the weight adjustment appears to improve the performance in various situations of single-sacrifice animal experiments. A Monte Carlo simulation study for the proposed test is conducted to assess size and power of the test. This testing approach is illustrated using a real data set.     

Leaf surface compounds of the potato (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum tuberosum</Emphasis>) and their influence on Colorado potato beetle (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Leptinotarsa decemlineata</Emphasis>) feeding

Summary.  The sampling behavior of the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (CPB) involves examination of the surface of potato leaves. It has been suggested that leaf surface compounds (volatiles and cuticular waxes) may be involved in host-plant recognition, acceptance or discrimination. Here we report on the effect of leaf surface extracts of six Polish commercial potato varieties on CPB feeding. We tested the influence of potato leaf surface extracts on CPB adult and larval feeding, then separated the extracts with HPLC, and finally tested the effect of the HPLC-separated fractions on CPB feeding. The bioassays were performed using potato leaf discs deprived of their original surface compounds. Applied to test discs at concentrations ten times higher than natural (10 leaf area equivalent), the extracts deterred CPB adults and larvae from feeding. HPLC-separated fractions composed of alkanes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, wax esters, benzoic acid esters, fatty acid methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and phenylethyl esters, aldehydes, ketones, methyl ketones, fatty acids, primary alcohols, β-amyrin and sterols did not affect adult CPB feeding. Similarly, alkanes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, wax esters, methyl ketones, sesquiterpene alcohols and secondary alcohols had no effect on larval CPB feeding. The sterol fraction (cholesterol, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol) acted as a phagostimulant to CPB larvae. We isolated a fraction demonstrating a phagodeterrent effect on CPB adults and larvae. The qualitative composition of the deterrent fraction was quite similar in all potato extracts, but there were quantitative differences between the varieties. Much further work is needed to identify the compounds that can produce the deterrent effect.     

利用成组生物测试评估不同深度处理工艺出水的安全性

针对北京北小河污水处理厂出水经深度处理后回用于奥运公园的生态安全性 ,用成组生物毒性测试方法比较了不同深度处理工艺对导致急性毒性的物质、内分泌干扰物质和Ah受体效应物质的去除效果 .结果表明 :城市污水厂出水中含有急性毒性、内分泌干扰和Ah受体效应毒性特征的污染物 ,超滤和活性炭对不同类型物质均有较好的去除效果 .活性炭吸附能基本有效去除具有急性毒性污染物 ,对Ah受体特征物质的去除率达到了98% ;超滤对非极性、具有急性毒性特征的物质和极性的类雌激素物质去除效果最好 ,经超滤处理后的出水非极性组分细胞存活率达100% ,极性组分雌激素当量由0.13pmol·L^-1下降到0.04 pmol·L^-1.微滤和反渗透工艺不能有效去除有毒有机污染物 .进行生物毒性测试时 ,不同组分之间可能存在相互作用 ,需要采用样品分级方法 .     

广西近岸海域麻痹性贝类毒素分析

通过对近年来广西近岸海域贝类样品的麻痹性贝毒素小白鼠生物法和高效液相色谱法检测结果的分析,表明广西近岸海域多处地区和多种生物含有麻痹性贝毒素;4～5月及7～11月为两个毒性值的年高峰期;GTX4、GTX5和GTX3毒素成分的检出率较高等。     

浙江近岸海域有害赤潮发生区麻痹性贝毒素研究

用小白鼠生物检测法和高效液相色谱法对采自浙江舟山海域和浙江中南部海域的麻痹性贝毒素进行了调查分析。结果表明,浙江舟山海域六横岛的西格织纹螺含有贝毒,其毒素为3,7Mu／g,舟山海域有毒贝类检出率为3．1％;浙江中南部海域南麂列岛的棒锥螺含有贝毒,其毒素〈1.7Mu／g,浙江中、南部海域有毒贝类检出率为9．1％。     

Progress in herbicide determination with the thylakoid bioassay

Chloroplast thylakoids are used as biological units to determine herbicides in different kinds of water samples as well as in aqueous extracts of compost, soil or food samples. The thylakoid bioassy shows clearly inhibition of fluorescence yield in the presence of photosystem II specific herbicides. Due to this method the ecotoxicological effect of samples with unknown pollutants can be tested fast and cost effective. It has been proven that all photosynthetic active compounds are recorded at the same time because only additive interactions occur. Therefore, the contamination level can be expressed as cumulative parameter for photosystem II active substances. Application was improved clearly by the addition of the radical scavenger sodium ascorbate to the isolation media and by a higher concentration of the measuring medium. A new data evaluation method is described yielding in a lower detection limit of 0.4 μg diuron/1. The guidelines for the quality of water for human consumption with an allowable concentration of pesticides in groups is 0,5 μg/1 [1,2] and can be controlled with the thylakoid bioassay without performing any preconcentration steps.