砖厂废气污染对橡胶树光合生理特性的影响

选取砖厂废气排放方向种植的橡胶树（Hevea brasiliensis）品系＂云研77-2＂为研究对象,在距离砖厂200、400、600 m处设置3个研究点,研究分析砖厂排放废气污染对橡胶树光合参数的影响。结果表明：砖厂废气排放对3个不同距离处橡胶树叶片光合参数有显著影响（P〈0.05）。随着橡胶树与砖厂距离的缩近,即污染加剧,橡胶树叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2（Ci）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、最大光合速率（Pmax）、光饱和点（LSP）、暗呼吸速率（Rd）和叶绿素含量（Chl）均呈下降趋势;最大荧光（Fm）、可变荧光（Fv）和最大荧光比（Fv/Fm）也下降,初始荧光（Fo）升高。该研究结果证明,砖厂废气污染对橡胶树光合生理特性有显著影响：相距砖厂600 m范围内,越靠近砖厂,橡胶树叶片光合特性越低。     

臭氧胁迫对水稻的光合损伤与施氮的缓解作用

利用稻/麦O3-FACE（Ozone-free air controlled enrichment）试验平台,以杂交籼稻汕优63（SY63）和常规籼稻扬稻6（YD6）两个耐性不同的水稻（Oryza sativa L.）品种为材料,根据净光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数指标,研究分蘖期和抽穗期增施氮（N）肥对O3胁迫导致的水稻光合损伤的缓解作用。结果表明：（1）增施N肥可以减轻O3对SY63和YD6净光合速率（Pn）的影响,且前期增施N肥效果更显著。（2）O3升高条件下SY63和YD6的最大光量子效率（Fv/Fm）、实际光量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）和光化学猝灭（qP）有下降趋势,PSⅡ所吸收光能用于光化学部分（P%）减少,热耗散部分（D%）增加;提高施N量可减小O3引起的叶绿素荧光参数的变化幅度,有利于提高光合效率,其中增施分蘖肥的效果较理想。（3）大气O3体积分数升高会降低SY63和YD6的N素总积累量,增施N肥后有上升趋势,且前期施N肥增幅较大。总之增施氮肥在一定程度上可缓解O3对SY63和YD6的光合损伤,且在水稻生长前期增施效果更好。     

不同土壤水分条件下三个速生用材树种幼树的耗水特性比较

试验采用盆栽控水的方法,分析、比较了巨桉、竹柳和桤木3个速生用材树种幼树在3种水分条件下(土壤含水量分别保持在田间持水量的85%~80%、55%~50%、35%~30%)的耗水特性。结果表明:①相同天气和水分条件下,蒸腾速率、各时段耗水量、日耗水量和总耗水量绝大多数均表现为巨桉>竹柳>桤木;②相同处理下,巨桉与竹柳的日耗水速率并无显著差异(P>0.05),但都明显高于桤木;③巨桉明显较大的整株叶面积及其在水分亏缺时采取的不同避旱策略是其耗水量高于其它2个树种的重要原因;④树木的耗水能力是与其同化能力、生长速率密切相关的,随土壤含水量下降,各树种的净光合速率、叶面积、株高和地径生长量下降,蒸腾耗水也随之降低,但巨桉同化与耗水能力更不易受到干旱的影响;⑤巨桉和竹柳更适宜于在雨量充沛且季节分布均匀的地区发展,而在水分不足或季节性干旱频繁的地区则适合发展耗水量最小的桤木。     

Using algal biomass-phosphorus (P) relationships and nutrient limitation theory to evaluate the adequacy of P water quality criteria for regulated monsoon rivers and reservoirs

Different P criteria have been set for lotic and lentic waters where the latter had stricter criteria than the former. The binary P criteria have been developed due to differences in limnological features and this helps avoid unneeded costs with stricter criteria for flowing waters that normally have lower potential of algal blooms. However, if different criteria are warranted, the responses of Chl a to TP and TN:TP ratio should vary distinctively between rivers and reservoirs. Contrary to these predictions, inconsistent and statistically indistinguishable variations have been observed between the two types of waterbody in Chl a yield per unit TP. Additionally, there was no significant difference in the strength of relationship between Chl a and TN:TP ratio between waterbody types, although the mass ratio of TN to TP was significantly higher in reservoirs than in rivers. Hence, the data suggest that there is no scientifically defensible reason that lotic and lentic waters require different TP standards and specifically that lentic waters do not necessarily require stricter P criteria. A more holistic and nuanced approach would aid in developing revised or new TP criteria in which water quality issues can be addressed scientifically as well as pragmatically.     

太湖春季和秋季浮游植物的光合作用活性

应用Phyto-PAM浮游植物荧光仪对2012年太湖浮游植物群落光合作用活性的时空分布进行测定. 结果表明:春季蓝藻、绿藻和硅/甲藻的F_v/F_m(最大光量子产量)分别为0.35~0.49、0.34~0.68和0.09~0.56;秋季则分别为0.34~0.53、0.55~0.68和0.28~0.61. 春季蓝藻、绿藻和硅/甲藻的NPQ(非光化学淬灭)分别为0.012~0.165、0.085~0.201和0.104~0.281,秋季则分别为0.035~0.263、0.052~0.118和0.048~0.301. RLC(快速光响应曲线)的特征参数表明,太湖浮游植物群落光能利用效率和光合作用速率具有显著时空差异. 相关分析表明,绿藻和硅/甲藻的光合作用活性与环境因子没有显著相关性;而蓝藻的F_v/F_m与RLC的特征参数呈显著正相关,与ρ(Chla)呈显著正相关(P<0.05,R=0.49),与SD(透明度)呈极显著负相关(P<0.01,R=-0.56),说明太湖蓝藻的光合作用活性与富营养化水平具有一致性. 从空间分布来看,草型湖区蓝藻的光合作用活性和ρ(Chla)均显著低于藻型湖区,表明水草能抑制蓝藻的光合作用活性和生长,进而降低蓝藻水华强度.      

A Retrospective Evaluation of the Global Decline of Carnivores and Ungulates

Assessing temporal changes in species extinction risk is necessary for measuring conservation success or failure and for directing conservation resources toward species or regions that would benefit most. Yet, there is no long‐term picture of genuine change that allows one to associate species extinction risk trends with drivers of change or conservation actions. Through a review of 40 years of IUCN‐related literature sources on species conservation status (e.g., action plans, red‐data books), we assigned retrospective red‐list categories to the world's carnivores and ungulates (2 groups with relatively long generation times) to examine how their extinction risk has changed since the 1970s. We then aggregated species’ categories to calculate a global trend in their extinction risk over time. A decline in the conservation status of carnivores and ungulates was underway 40 years ago and has since accelerated. One quarter of all species (n = 498) moved one or more categories closer to extinction globally, while almost half of the species moved closer to extinction in Southeast Asia. The conservation status of some species improved (toward less threatened categories), but for each species that improved in status 8 deteriorated. The status of large‐bodied species, particularly those above 100 kg (including many iconic taxa), deteriorated significantly more than small‐bodied species (below 10 kg). The trends we found are likely related to geopolitical events (such as the collapse of Soviet Union), international regulations (such as CITES), shifting cultural values, and natural resource exploitation (e.g., in Southeast Asia). Retrospective assessments of global species extinction risk reduce the risk of a shifting baseline syndrome, which can affect decisions on the desirable conservation status of species. Such assessments can help conservationists identify which conservation policies and strategies are or are not helping safeguard biodiversity and thus can improve future strategies. Una Evaluación Retrospectiva de la Declinación Global de Carnívoros y Ungulados     

低温胁迫对6种珍贵树种苗木光合荧光特性的影响

以格木（Erythrophleum fordii）、降香黄檀（Dalbergia odorifera）、闽楠（Phoebe bournei）檀香（Santalum album）、铁刀木（Cassia siamea）和樟树（Cinnamomum camphora）6种珍贵树种苗木为研究对象,分析自然降温过程中苗木相对叶绿素含量、气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数等指标的变化,探讨低温胁迫对这6种苗木光合荧光特性的影响,并利用隶属函数法对6种珍贵树种耐寒能力进行了评价,以期了解这几种植物的抗寒能力差异及低温对其光合能力的影响,为扩大引种和栽培提供依据。结果表明,与对照相比,低温胁迫下6种珍贵树种苗木净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）均有不同程度的下降,其中,格木、降香黄檀、闽楠、檀香、铁刀木净光合效率的下降很大程度上来源于非气孔因素抑制,而樟树净光合速率下降可能来源于气孔限制因素。闽楠、檀香和樟树水分利用效率（WUE）呈上升趋势,而格木与降香黄檀WUE均有不同程度的降低,表明闽楠、檀香和樟树能较好地协调碳同化和水分耗散。低温胁迫下6种珍贵树种Fm均有所下降,表明低温可对珍贵树种苗木叶片PSII反应中心的电子传递潜力产生明显的抑制,致使珍贵树种PSII的光能转换效率降低。降香黄檀、闽楠、檀香、铁刀木和樟树经历2次低温胁迫后qP呈现出持续下降的趋势,表明珍贵树种PSII反应中心的开放程度降低。在2次低温胁迫间格木、降香黄檀、闽楠和铁刀木qN差异不显著（p〉0.05）,表明珍贵树种具有过剩光能耗散机制,保护光合机构免受破坏。相关性分析结果表明,Pn与Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、qP、qN、ETR和Fm存在极显著相关关系（p〈0.01）,表明Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、qP、qN、ETR和Fm均可作为衡量植物光合能力的参数。隶属函数法分析结果表明,6种珍贵树种抗寒能力依次为格木〉樟树〉闽楠=檀香=铁刀木〉降香黄檀。总之,?     

Cadmium and lead toxicity and bioaccumulation in Microcystis aeruginosa

The growth of human population leads to intensification of agriculture and promotes, through eutrophication, development of cyanobacteria. One of the most widespread and bloom-forming species in freshwater is toxic Microcystis aeruginosa （M. aeruginosa）. Combustion of fossil fuels and metallurgical processes are the main sources of heavy metals contamination in surface water including cadmium （Cd） and lead （Pb）. The following study was conducted in order to determine the effect of 1- 20 mg. L-1 of Cd and Pb on photochemistry （using flow cytometry） and growth （based on chlorophyll concentra- tion） ofM. aeruginosa as well as to estimate levels of metal bioaccumulation. We have found that 1-10mg.L-1 of Cd and 1-5 rag. L1 of Pb induced continuous enhancement of chlorophyll fluorescence during 24 h of incubation. No significant degradation of chlorophyll was observed in these samples. At higher concentrations of 20 mg. L-1 of Cd and 10-20 mg.L-1 of Pb chlorophyll level significantly decreased and its fluorescence was quenched. M. aeruginosa demonstrated high capability of Cd and Pb bioaccumulation, proportionally to initial metal concentration. In samples with initial concentration of 20 mg. L-1 of Cd and Pb bioaccumulation of 87.3% and 90.1% was observed, respectively. Our study demonstrates that M. aeruginosa can potentially survive in highly metals polluted environments, be a primary source of toxic metals in the food chain and consequently contribute to enhanced toxicity of heavy metals to living organisms including human.     

硝酸酸雾对拟南芥的毒性效应研究

采用拟南芥植物检测技术,考察了硝酸烟雾暴露条件下拟南芥生长状况及叶片中叶绿素含量、活性氧代谢、丙二醛(MDA)和蛋白羰基(PCO)等几种指标的变化情况,旨在为硝酸烟雾的生态毒理学效应研究提供试验依据。结果表明,硝酸烟雾可引起拟南芥叶片发黄萎蔫等病理反应,时间依赖性地降低叶绿素含量和氧自由基产生速率,并增加MDA和PCO含量,提示硝酸烟雾可通过诱导氧化应激造成植物损伤。     

Modification of mutagenic activity of benzo[a]pyrene by trace elements in the Ames assay

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the most ubiquitous environmental contaminants and exerts potent carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. In the presence of rat liver S9 mix, four trace elements, germanium (Ge), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and molybdenium (Mo), were included in the Ames Salmonella microsome/mutagenic assay to test their inhibitory effects on BaP-induced mutations. All trace elements were found to exert an inhibitory effect in tester TA98 and TA100 strains; Fe was the most potent among the elements tested, whereas Zn was weakly inhibitory to prevent mutations. The present findings demonstrate that the antimutagenic potential of trace elements, notably Fe, may be attributed to its modulatory effect on the bioactivation and detoxification processes of BaP.