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71.
Frederik De Laender K. Soetaert 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(5):1775-1782
The majority of ecotoxicological enclosure experiments monitor species abundances at different chemical concentrations. Here, we present a new modelling approach that estimates changes in food web flows from such data and show that population- and food web level effects are revealed that are not apparent from abundance data alone. For the case of cypermethrin in freshwater enclosures, photosynthesis and excretion (d−1) of phytoplankton at 3.643 μg L−1 cypermethrin were 30% lower and 100% higher than in the control, respectively. The ingestion rate of mesozooplankton (d−1) was 6 times higher in the treated enclosures than in the control as food concentration increased with insecticide exposure. With increasing cypermethrin concentrations, nanoflagellates progressively relied on phytoplankton as their main food source, which rendered the food web less stable. We conclude that this tool has excellent potential to analyse the wealth of enclosure data as it only needs species abundance and general constraints. 相似文献
72.
为了系统研究氮在深型地下土壤渗滤系统中的去除途径,本次实验采用直径30cm,高200cm的有机玻璃柱模拟地下土壤渗滤系统;柱内分层装填取自北京顺义的土壤。在水力负荷为8cm/d的条件下,取得了较好的脱氮效果;氨氮去除率为99.80%;TN去除率为83.68%。通过观察氮沿土柱深度的变化规律发现,在1.30m以上的区域随着氨氮浓度的降低硝氮浓度逐渐增大,同时总氮浓度也在不断降低,约有30.55%在此区域被去除;通过氮元素质量平衡证明这部分氮是通过厌氧氨氧化反应去除的。在1.30m以下反硝化反应是脱氮的主要途径,在此过程中难降解有机物被利用。 相似文献
73.
实验基于企业污水站的改造工程,研究了MBR对玉米深加工废水的处理效果并对工艺运行参数优化提出建议.结果表明,该工艺对COD的去除率可以达到90%以上,出水稳定在26 mg/L左右;出水NH4-N达到1 mg/L以下;TN去除率达到70%以上,出水TN达到10 mg/L以下,出水完全达到排放标准.通过4种工况的比较,说明在污泥浓度8 g/L左右,曝气池内DO在3 mg/L左右,MBR内DO>4 mg/L,好氧段停留时间13.5 h,并保证3h以上的缺氧段水力停留段时间的条件下,A/O+ MBR工艺可以有效去除玉米深加工废水中的污染物. 相似文献
74.
Sarah B. Gewurtz Nilima Gandhi Guttorm N. Christensen Anita Evenset Dennis Gregor Miriam L. Diamond 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(2):176-190
Background, aim, and scope
Lake Ellasjøen, located in the Norwegian high arctic, contains the highest concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) ever recorded in fish and sediment from high arctic lakes, and concentrations are more than 10 times greater than in nearby Lake Øyangen. These elevated concentrations in Ellasjøen have been previously attributed, in part, to contaminant loadings from seabirds that use Ellasjøen, but not Øyangen, as a resting area. However, other factors, such as food web structure, organism growth rate, weight, lipid content, lake morphology, and nutrient inputs from the seabird guano, also differ between the two systems. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relative influence of these factors as explanatory variables for the higher PCB fish concentrations in Ellasjøen compared with Øyangen, using both a food web model and empirical data.Methods
The model is based on previously developed models but parameterized for Lakes Ellasjøen and Øyangen using measured data wherever possible. The model was applied to five representative PCB congeners (PCB 105, 118, 138, 153, and 180) using measured sediment and water concentrations as input data and evaluated with previously collected food web data.Results
Modeled concentrations are within a factor of two of measured concentrations in 60% and 40% of the cases in Lakes Ellasjøen and Øyangen, respectively, and within a factor of 10 in 100% of the cases in both lakes. In many cases, this is comparable to the variability associated with the data as well as the efficacy of the predictions of other food web model applications.Discussion
We next used the model to quantify the relative importance of five major differences between Ellasjøen and Øyangen by replacing variables representing each of these factors in the Ellasjøen model with those from Øyangen, in separate simulations. The model predicts that the elevated PCB concentrations in Ellasjøen water and sediment account for 49%–58% of differences in modeled fish PCB concentrations between lakes. These elevated sediment and, to a lesser extent, water concentrations in Ellasjøen are due to PCB loadings from seabird guano. However, sediment–water fugacity ratios of PCBs are consistently greater in Ellasjøen compared with Øyangen, which suggests that internal lake processes also contribute to differences in sediment and water concentrations. We hypothesize that the nutrients associated with guano influence sediment–water fugacity ratios of PCBs by increasing the stock of pelagic algae. As both these algae and the guano settle, their organic carbon content is degraded faster than PCBs, which causes an extra magnification step in Ellasjøen before these detrital particles are consumed by benthic organisms, which are in turn consumed by fish. The model predicts that the remaining ~50% of the differences in PCB concentrations observed between the fish of these lakes are due to other subtle differences in their food web structures.Conclusions
In conclusion, based on the results of a food web model, we found that the most dominant factors influencing the higher PCB fish concentrations in Lake Ellasjøen compared with Øyangen are the higher sediment and water concentrations in Ellasjøen, caused by seabird guano. Together, sediment and water are predicted to account for 49%–58% of differences in fish concentrations between lakes. Although seabird guano provides a source of nutrients to the lake, in addition to contaminants, empirical data and indirect model results suggest that nutrients are not leading to decreased bioaccumulation, in contrast to what has been observed in temperate, pelagic food webs.Recommendations and perspectives
The results of this study emphasize the importance of considering even small differences in food web structure when comparing bioaccumulation in two lakes; although the food web structures of Ellasjøen and Øyangen differ only slightly, the model predicts that these differences account for most of the remaining ~50% of the differences in PCB fish concentrations between the two lakes. This study further demonstrates the utility of food web models as we were able to predict and tease apart the influence of various factors responsible for the elevated concentrations in the fish from Lake Ellasjøen, which would have been difficult using the field data alone. 相似文献75.
人工神经网络在预测深基坑周边地表沉降变形中的应用研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
深基坑开挖引起的周边地表变形预测是一个复杂非线性问题,引起地表沉降的影响因素很多,各因素之间呈高度的非线性关系。传统的基坑用边地表沉降变形预测方法存在着一定的局限性,其预测精度有待提高,而人工神经网络是一种多元非线性动力学系统,可以灵活方便地对多成因的复杂未知系统进行高度建模,实现全面考虑各种主要影响因素的深基坑周边地表沉降变形预测。本文介绍了误差反向传播(BP)网络模型的结构、学习过程及其算法的改进,径向基函数(RBF)网络模型的结构及其学习过程;分析了影响深基坑开挖周边土体沉降变形的主要影响因素;以25个基坑工程的地表沉降实测资料为训练样本,建立了11个输入影响因素的BP神经网络模型和RBF神经网络模型,通过对样本的学习训练过程及对5个检验样本的预测精度,说明了人工神经网络用于预测基坑周边地表沉降的可行性和准确性。 相似文献
76.
77.
油田污水深度处理与回用技术 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
冀东油田采油污水经过处理合格后,用于采油注水,污水处理后质量合格与否直接影响油田原油开采效果。通过联合站原污水处理工艺的改造,特别是核桃壳过滤器增加加药口,加强反冲洗及生化处理技术的改进等,达到了一定的效果,使水质有了很大的改善,促进了油田的开采和污水回用技术的发展。 相似文献
78.
A model for estimating the potential biomagnification of chemicals in a generic food web: Preliminary development 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Alonso E Tapie N Budzinski H Leménach K Peluhet L Tarazona JV 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(1):31-40
GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of organic pollutants have been increasingly assessed and modeled during the last years. Due to the complexity of these processes and the large variability of food webs, setting generic assessments for these parameters is really difficult. Equilibrium models, based on a compound's lipophylicity, are the main tool in regulatory proposals, such as for identifying Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Substances (PBTs), although a refinement has been claimed by the scientific community. Toxicokinetic studies offer an alternative for these estimations, where biomagnification is modeled as a succession of bioaccumulation processes, each one regulated by toxicokinetic parameters. METHODS: A review of kinetic models covering species belonging to different trophic levels and with different ecological behavior has been conducted. The results were employed for setting a conceptual model for estimating the biomagnification potential in a generic food web, which was mathematically implemented through system dynamic models developed under data sheet software. Crystal Ball was then employed for allowing Monte Carlo based probabilistic calculations. Bioaccumulation laboratory assays have been performed to estimate toxicokinetic parameters in mussels (Mytilus edulis) with two PAHs (chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene). The contamination was delivered via food. The exposure period lasted more than one month followed then by a depuration phase. The contaminant content was determined on an individual basis on five replicates. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:. The reviewed information suggested the development of a tiered conceptual biomagnification model, starting with a simplified food chain which can be refined to more realistic and complex models in successive levels. CONCLUSIONS: The mathematical implementation of the conceptual model offers tools for estimating the potential for bioaccumulation and biomagnification of chemicals under very different conditions. The versatility of the model can be used for both comparative estimations and for validating the model. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Since bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes are crucial elements for a proper risk assessment of chemicals, their estimation by mathematical models has been widely tested. However, inregulatory assessments, too simplistic models are still being used quite often. The biomagnification model presented in this study should be amore accurate alternative to these models. In comparison to other previously published biomagnification models, the present one covers the time variation of bioaccumulation using just a few toxicokinetic parameters. 相似文献
79.
80.