Vertical ozone distributions observed using tethered ozonesondes in a coastal industrial city, Kaohsiung, in southern Taiwan

This work presents the vertical distributions of ozone and meteorological parameters observed with tethered ozonesondes and meteorological radiosondes in the lower atmosphere during an ozone episode on March 25–27, 2003, in Kaohsiung City in southern Taiwan. Kaohsiung is a coastal industrial city with inland mountain ranges to the east. Extremely complicated ozone structures were identified that spanned day and night during the experimental period. During afternoons, the lower atmosphere was divided into two stratified air layers with substantially different ozone concentrations. On the episode day (March 26), average ozone concentration in the near-ground layer was 85 ppb and the aloft layer was 140 ppb. A very high ozone peak of 199 ppb measured aloft likely resulted from an elevated large point source. Several no-ozone air layers, distributed throughout 400–750 m, were observed to transport onshore during the nigh. As well, elevated ozone layers peaking at 60–90 ppb and 90–160 ppb were detected below and above the no-ozone air layers, respectively. These complicated ozone structures were likely formed through titration of plumes from large point sources and the circulations of sea breezes or combined sea-breeze/mountain flows in the study area.     

基于ISM—CRITIC法的通用航空可控飞行撞地影响因素分析

为了研究通用航空可控飞行撞地的影响因素，提出针对性的预防措施，采用基元事件分析法对中国民航安全办公室不安全数据库中2006—2015年间发生的30起通用航空可控飞行撞地事件进行分析，建立通用航空可控飞行撞地影响因素体系；运用解释结构模型对影响因素进行两两对比分析，建立3层阶梯有向模型；运用CRITIC法计算各影响因素权重并排序。结果表明:影响通用航空可控飞行撞地事件的表层直接原因分别是注意力分配不当、违反标准运行程序、安全意识淡薄、应急能力弱、导航设备失效、发动机失效、其他天气意外、飞行保障不利和组织混乱；中层间接原因分别是驾驶技能不足、航前准备不足、机组资源管理欠缺、地形复杂、能见度和光线刺激；深层根本原因分别是疲劳驾驶、公司违规和违法组织飞行；影响通用航空可控飞行撞地事件发生的主要因素分别是飞行保障不利和组织混乱、航前准备不足、安全意识淡薄、驾驶技能不足和违反标准运行程序。     

异常环流背景下贺兰山地形对8.21特大致洪暴雨的影响分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP再分析资料对2016年8月21日傍晚到夜间贺兰山沿山特大致洪极值暴雨展开研究,分析了异常大气环流形势及其影响,并利用天气研究和预报模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model)进行数值模拟和地形敏感性试验,研究了贺兰山地形对暴雨过程的影响。结果表明:超强厄尔尼诺结束后的盛夏,大气环流形势发展异常,8月南亚高压和副热带高压异常偏强,西北地区东部处于高温、高湿、高能控制,副高的快速进退和冷平流的入侵,触发暖湿不稳定能量强烈聚集与快速释放,导致特大暴雨的爆发。其发生在200hPa高空急流分流区即强辐散区、中空西南气流的高温高湿区、低空偏南急流轴左侧流场最大弯曲处的强暖平流区、850hPa偏东大风速轴南侧的风速辐合区,天气尺度强迫作用相对较弱的环境中,500hPa短波槽与700hPa、850hPa低涡切变线和偏南偏东急流以及地面气旋式切变辐合线共同作用是其发生的主要影响系统。贺兰山地形对特大暴雨的发生有明显的增幅效应,主要是贺兰山地形阻挡与强迫抬升作用,促使低涡切变强烈发展从而影响了降水范围、强降水落区及其中心位置等。     

山区城市土地利用动态空间分布特征——以贵州省六盘水市为例

运用地形位指数和分布指数,借助遥感和地理信息系统技术,对贵州省六盘水市区1990-2010年间土地利用变化空间特征进行定量分析。结果表明:①20 a间土地利用空间分布结构发生了一定的改变,建设用地在低地形位的优势性增强且有向高地形位扩展的趋势,水田的优势分布范围缩小,但在低地形位优势增强,建设用地、 水田在低地形位的优势增强导致旱地、 灌木林地优势分布区间上移并收缩;②研究时段内工作区土地利用变化的空间分布未出现明显的分化,各类型相间分布,未形成明显的以建设用地为中心的带状分布格局;③1990年研究区各土地利用类型在地形位梯度上的分布已经分异成高、 中、 低三段式格局且20 a间未发生明显改变,各土地利用类型的地形适应弹性已经被拉大。     

天山北坡典型退化草地植被覆盖度监测模型构建与评价

草地退化是当今世界面临的一个极为严峻的生态问题。植被覆盖度作为草地退化监测的重要指标之一,在草地退化、荒漠化治理方面起着重要的作用。为了构建适合于天山北坡典型草地植被覆盖度监测模型,便于对草地及时、快速的监测分析,研究利用新疆阜康市2008年9月Landsat TM遥感影像数据和相应的实测数据,分别探讨5种植被指数(NDVI、RVI、GNDVI、SAVI和MSAVI)与植被覆盖度的线性和非线性(二次多项式、指数、对数以及幂函数)关系,以便获得最佳监测草地状况的植被指数和模型。研究结果表明,MSAVI和GNDVI与植被覆盖度的相关性最好(P<0.01),而NDVI和RVI较差;通过5种植被指数和植被覆盖度进行回归分析,MSAVI和GNDVI与植被覆盖度分别建立模型最佳,即:y=138.45x-1.248 2(R²=0.502 7,P<0.01)和y=2 596.66x²-561.54x+38.488(R²=0.605 3,P<0.01),精度达到90%以上。该研究结果说明不同的植被指数适用的条件不同,为今后利用3S技术深入研究荒漠退化草地植被状况的快速监测和科学管理提供支持。     

高寒山地甘肃臭草斑块特征与土壤水分的关系

选取石羊河上游高寒退化草地甘肃臭草种群,分析斑块特征、土壤水分以及二者之间的相互关系,以期了解植被对土壤水分变化的适应性和反作用特征.结果表明:甘肃臭草斑块在形成、扩散和稳定阶段种群高度、密度、盖度由中心向边缘逐渐减小,衰退阶段由中心向边缘逐渐增大,甘肃臭草斑块内土壤水分由中心向边缘逐渐增大,斑块内土壤水分大于斑块外;斑块内土壤水分与植被主要生物学特征之间由负相关向正相关过渡.甘肃臭草具有明显的可塑性,通过对干旱区环境的长期适应,改变了小范围内土壤水分分布结构,进而形成繁茂生长的单一优势种群斑块.表3参16     

秦岭山地松栎混交林土壤养分空间变异及其与地形因子的关系

在陕西省境内秦岭山脉中段油松-锐齿槲栎混交林集中分布的区域设置20 块调查样地,采取土壤样品测定了该区森林土壤0~20、20~40 和40~60 cm 3 个土层的全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质7 项养分指标。通过计算不同土壤养分指标的变异系数并应用典范对应分析(CCA)技术,对秦岭山地松栎混交林土壤养分空间变异与海拔、坡位、坡向和坡度4 项地形因子的关系进行分析。结果表明:①单因素方差分析显示,随着土层深度增加,全氮、有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均呈极显著下降趋势,而全磷、全钾在不同土层中的含量无显著性差异;②变异系数计算结果表明,各土层的7 项养分指标均表现为中等程度变异性,变异系数最大者是0~20 cm土层速效氮,最小者为0~20 cm土层全钾;③从CCA排序结果看,地形因子对不同土层养分变异的影响程度及因子种类明显不同。0~20 cm表层土壤养分变异受地形因子制约作用较小,20~40 cm土层养分的主要影响因子为坡向和海拔,40~60 cm土层养分的主要影响因子为海拔和坡位,而坡度和海拔则是控制0~60 cm整体土壤层养分变异的主要因素。综上所述,地形高异质性的微生境造成了秦岭山地松栎混交林土壤养分空间分布格局的差异。     

Ecological land classification: A survey approach

A landscape approach to ecological land mapping, as illustrated in this article, proceeds by pattern recognition based on ecological theory. The unit areas delineated are hypotheses that arise from a knowledge of what is ecologically important in the land. Units formed by the mapper are likely to be inefficient or irrelevant for ecological purposes unless he possesses a sound rationale as to the interactions and controlling influences of the structural components of ecosystems. Here is the central problem with what have been called objective multivariate approaches to mapping based on grid units and the sometimes arbitrary attributes thereof; they tend to conceal the importance of ecological theory and the necessity for theory-based supervision of pattern recognition. Multivariate techniques are best used iteratively to verify and refine map units initially recognized and delineated by theoretical considerations. These ideas are illustrated by an example of a reconnaissance survey in the Northwest Territories of Canada.     

SPATIALLY EXPLICIT HYDROLOGIC MODELING OF LAND USE CHANGE1

ABSTRACT: Using a Geographic Information System (GIS), a method is presented to develop a spatially explicit time series of land use in an urbanizing watershed. The method is prefaced on the existence of independent observations of land use at different times and data that describes the spatial‐temporal land use transition characteristics of the watershed between these two points in time. A method is then presented to generalize the TR‐55 graphical method, a common lumped hydrologic model for estimating peak discharge, for use in a spatially explicit scheme. This scheme predicts peak discharge throughout a watershed, rather than at a single selected watershed outlet. Coupling these two methods allows the engineer to model both the temporal and spatial evolution of peak discharge for the watershed. An illustrative watershed in a suburban area of Washington, DC is selected to demonstrate the methods. The model results from these analyses are presented graphically to highlight the complex features in peak discharge behavior that exist both spatially, as a function of position within the watershed drainage network, and temporally, as the watershed undergoes urbanization. These features are not commonly noted in most hydrologic analyses but are captured in these analyses because of the high spatial and temporal resolution of the methods presented. The physical implications of the modeled results are discussed in the context of the information content of a stream gauge located at the overall outlet of the illustrative watershed. This work shows that the common practice of transposition of gauge information to locations internal to the watershed would neglect internal variability in peak discharge behavior, and could potentially lead to the determination of inappropriate design discharges.