宁夏黄土丘陵区农田土壤细菌海拔分布特征

研究农田土壤微生物多样性、结构与功能的海拔分布特征及其影响因子,对保护农田生态系统生物多样性具有重要意义.利用高通量测序技术对宁夏黄土丘陵区农田土壤细菌多样性、群落结构和代谢功能沿海拔分布特征及其对土壤理化性质的响应进行分析.结果表明:①土壤细菌Alpha多样性指数与海拔呈显著负相关,沿海拔呈现先降低再略升高的变化趋势.②变形菌（Proteobacteria）、放线菌（Actinobacteria）和酸杆菌（Acidobacteria）等7个菌门为优势菌群,其中5个菌群在海拔间具有极显著性差异.③二级分类水平上包括膜运输、碳水化合物代谢和氨基酸代谢等36个细菌代谢功能,其中22个在不同海拔间具有显著性差异,12个具有极显著性差异.④Pearson相关分析表明,土壤含水量、容重、pH和碳氮比对细菌Alpha多样性影响最为显著,总有机碳、全氮和全磷等土壤养分对细菌Beta多样性具有显著影响.⑤Mantel分析表明,门水平细菌群落结构受土壤含水量、总有机碳和碳氮比影响,细菌代谢功能与土壤pH、总有机碳、全氮、全磷和碳氮比均有显著相关性.方差分解分析显示土壤含水量对群落结构解释度最高,pH对代谢功能解释度最高.由此可知,土壤含水量和pH是影响宁夏黄土丘陵区农田土壤细菌多样性、群落组成和代谢功能的主要土壤因子.     

4株正十六烷降解菌的降解能力及代谢动力学特性

从处理采油废水的活性污泥中分离出4株产生物表面活性剂的正十六烷高效降解菌。菌株A14和B45为非脱羧勒克菌（Leclercia adecarboxylata），菌株C28和A27为肠杆菌（Enterobacter sp.）。在NaCl质量浓度15~25 g/L、pH 6.0~7.0、接种量10%（φ），培养温度37 ℃，摇床转速160 r/min、正十六烷体积分数0.30%的条件下降解16 d后，菌株A14、B45、C28和A27的正十六烷降解率分别为93.7%，87.8%，73.3%，65.7%。4株菌所产生的生物表面活性剂均为磷脂类表面活性剂。菌体生长满足逻辑斯蒂模型，正十六烷的降解满足一级反应动力学模型。菌株C28、A27的生长速率快于菌株A14、B45，菌株A14、B45的正十六烷降解速率快于菌株C28、A27。     

Expression and functional analysis of three nicosulfuron-degrading enzymes from Bacillus subtilis YB1

To investigate the degradation activity of the manganese ABC transporter, vegetative catalase 1 and acetoin dehydrogenase E1 from Bacillus subtilis YB1, the proteins were prokaryotically expressed and purified. Assay results showed that the three enzymes were able to degrade nicosulfuron (2- (4,6-dimethoxypyrimidine-2-pyrimidinylcarbamoylaminosulfonyl) -N,N-dimethylnicotinamide), with vegetative catalase 1 exhibiting the highest activity. To further examine the degradation pathway, the degradation products of the three enzymes and the YB1 strain were detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS). The nicosulfuron degradation products of the three enzymes were consistent with those of the YB1 strain, indicating the presence of two pathways: one due to cleavage of sulfonylurea bridges and ring-opening of 1-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-3-(2-methyliminomethanesulfonyl-acetyl)-ureaas the pyrimidine ring, yielding the product; and the another due to cleavage of a sulfonylurea bridge, yielding 4,6-dihydroxy pyrimidine (111 m/z), 2-ylamine ?4,6-dimethoxy pyrimidine and ((4-(dimethycarbamoyl)pyridine-2-yl)sulfonyl)carbamic acid as products, which were further degraded to 4,6-dihydroxy pyrimidine and N,N-dimethyl-2-sulfamoyl-isonicotinamide. The above results reveal a major contribution of extracellular enzymes to the degradation of nicosulfuron by the YB1 strain. Our data help in elucidation of the mechanism of nicosulfuron bio-degradation and may facilitate the construction of engineered strains.     

氯代阻燃剂得克隆对纤细裸藻的生态毒性效应

得克隆(Dechlorane Plus,DP)作为全球广泛使用的氯代阻燃剂,具有POPs特性和环境毒性,但其生物毒性数据非常有限。本文选择水生初级生产者纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)作为研究对象,通过检测藻细胞生长状况、光合色素水平、抗氧化酶活性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量变化,研究了不同浓度DP对其生态毒性效应的影响。结果显示,低浓度DP对纤细裸藻生长具有一定促进作用,但差异不显著;DP浓度较低时(0.1和0.5 mg·L-1DP)类胡萝卜素含量受到轻微抑制;较高浓度DP暴露导致超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平显著增加,同时高浓度DP(8 mg·L-1)下MDA含量显著上升,提示膜结构受到损伤;表明较高实验浓度范围内,DP对纤细裸藻的生长及抗氧化系统均产生一定影响,结果将为DP的环境生态风险评价提供科学依据。     

氟对中华圆田螺肝胰脏抗氧化酶和MDA的影响

选取中华圆田螺为受试动物，探究氟对其肝胰脏抗氧化酶SOD、GSH、POD活性和丙二醛MDA含量的影响。结果显示，在不同浓度水氟环境条件下(0、40、80、160 mg·L-1)连续暴露10 d、20 d和30 d时，与对照组相比，中华圆田螺肝胰脏SOD活性在暴露前20 d，中低浓度组活性被诱导升高，高浓度组受抑制降低。暴露30 d时，中低浓度组活性降低，高浓度组逐渐升高。MDA活性在暴露前20 d时，中低浓度组活性整体被诱导升高，高浓度组受抑制降低。暴露30 d时，活性受到显著抑制均低于对照组。GSH活性以诱导为主均高于对照组，POD活性在10 d时均低于对照组，而在20 d时被诱导升高且均高于对照组，30 d时中高浓度以抑制为主。上述研究结果为水质污染控制及生态风险评价提供了基础数据。     

毒死蜱对紫金山森林土壤酶活力及微生物毒性影响研究

毒死蜱是有机磷类农药,对乙酰胆碱酯酶具有抑制作用,在农业虫害防治中应用广泛。为掌握毒死蜱对森林土壤酶活力和土壤微生物生态效应,选择紫金山森林土作为受试土壤,采用室内培养法,研究了毒死蜱对土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶,以及土壤呼吸强度和氮素硝化作用的影响。结果表明:试验期间,1.25 mg a.i.·kg-1、12.5 mg a.i.·kg-1和125 mg a.i.·kg-1毒死蜱对土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶总体表现为抑制作用;对土壤蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶的影响与暴露剂量和暴露时间有关,在60 d时,Z1低剂量处理组(1.25 mg a.i.·kg-1)蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶可恢复,Z100高剂量处理组(125 mg a.i.·kg-1)抑制作用不能解除。试验初期,毒死蜱对土壤呼吸强度有一定刺激作用随后逐渐恢复;对土壤氮硝化作用影响表现为先促进后抑制,且抑制作用有长期影响。由此可知,毒死蜱使用对紫金山森林土的土壤酶活性和土壤微生物产生毒性效应,具有一定生态风险。     

The sensitivity of soil enzymes,microorganisms and spring wheat to soil contamination with carfentrazone-ethyl

Herbicides pose a significant threat to the natural environment, in particular in soils that are most exposed to plant protection agents. Prolonged herbicide use leads to changes in soil metabolism and decreases soil productive potential. In this study, the influence of carfentrazone-ethyl (CE) on the microbiological and biochemical properties of soil and the yield of Triticum aestivum L. was evaluated. Carfentrazone-ethyl was applied to sandy loam (pH_KCl – 7.0) in doses of 0.000, 0.264, 5.280, 10.56, 21.18, 42.24, 84.48 and 168.96 µg kg^?1 DM soil. Soil samples were subjected to microbiological and biochemical analyses on experimental days 30 and 60. Carfentrazone-ethyl disrupted the biological equilibrium in soil by decreasing the abundance and biodiversity of soil-dwelling microorganisms, the activity of soil enzymes, the values of the biochemical activity indicator and spring wheat yields. Carfentrazone-ethyl had the most adverse effects when applied in doses many fold higher than those recommended by the manufacturer. The toxic effects of CE were also determined by its soil retention time. Soil treated with CE was characterized by higher counts of oligotrophic bacteria, organotrophic bacteria, bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, actinomycetes and fungi on day 60, and spore-forming oligotrophic bacteria on day 30. The activity of dehydrogenases, urease, alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase was higher on day 30 than on day 60.     

Polyaspartic acid alleviates heavy metal toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of polyaspartic acid (PASP) on Pb, Cu, and Cd toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). After 24 hours’ toxicity test on zebrafish, LC50, survival rates of zebrafish and catalase (CAT) activity were determined. The results revealed that the 24-hour survival rates of zebrafish exposed to Pb (P?P?P?P?in vitro and in vivo mechanisms.     

镉对大型溞肠道结构及消化酶活力的影响

镉(Cd~(2+))作为水环境中毒性较强的污染物之一,对水生动物各器官均造成了不良影响。为了了解镉对消化系统的毒性机理,研究了镉胁迫对大型溞(Daphnia magna)肠道组织及消化酶活力的影响。依据国家《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)中Ⅴ类水质的镉浓度标准限值的1倍、5倍和9倍设置3个镉浓度组(0.01、0.05、0.09 mg·L~(-1))和1个对照组,分别处理24、48 h。结果表明,镉处理对大型溞肠道结构、淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活力均产生了影响。首先,随着镉浓度的升高,显微结构显示,大型溞肠道上皮细胞排列松散、不整齐,并出现"空泡化";内侧纹状缘严重脱落。亚显微结构显示,肠道微绒毛出现断裂、溶解消失现象;线粒体发生肿胀、空泡化,嵴断裂或消失。其次,淀粉酶活力显著降低(P<0.01),与镉浓度之间存在剂量-效应关系;脂肪酶活力在镉浓度为0.01～0.05 mg·L~(-1)时升高,在0.09 mg·L~(-1)时活力被抑制;胰蛋白酶在镉处理24 h浓度为0.01 mg·L~(-1)时显著高于对照组(P<0.05),在镉处理48 h时,各浓度组均显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。镉对大型溞消化酶活力的最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC)为0.01 mg·L~(-1)。大型溞作为常用的毒理学监测动物,实验结果将为含镉废水排放标准的完善提供理论依据。     

Toxicity and biochemical impact of certain oxime carbamate pesticides against terrestrial snail,Theba pisana (Müller)

Abstract

The bran toxic baits (0.5 % w/w) of five oxime carbamate pesticides; aldicarb, aldoxycarb, methomyl, oxamyl and thiofanox were tested for their molluscicidal activity against Theba pisana snails under Laboratory conditions. In addition, the in vivo effects of these compounds on seven vital enzymes namely Acetylcholin‐esterase (AchE), glutathion‐S‐transferase (GST), glutamic oxlaoacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), acid phosphatase (AcP), alkaline phosphatase (AIP), and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities of the snail tissue were also investigated after 1,3, and 5 days of exposure. The results showed that methomyl was the most potent candidate, whereas thiofanox was the least effective one against the snails. LT₅₀’s values of aldicarb, aldoxycarb, methomyl, oxamyl and thiofanox were 5.77, 4.69, 2.31, 3.97 and 6.67 days, respectively. Results of the potency of the tested pesticides against AchE activity were in harmony with the toxicity of these compounds to snails. AchE, AcP, and AIP activities were inhibited by the tested pesticides. GST activity was inhibited by aldicarb but stimulated by oxamyl and thiofanox. Methomyl and oxamyl lead to significant elevation of GOT and GPT, whereas thiofanox treated snail induced a reduction of both enzymes activities. Aldicarb and aldoxycarb caused significant induction of ATPase activity.