Impact of a small city on the structure of small mammal fauna in forests of the northeastern Moscow region

Forests in and around the reserve located near the city of Chernogolovka (50 km northeast of Moscow), forests adjoining the city, and urban forests were examined during the period from 1992 to 2004. Differences between forests of the reserve proved to be less significant than those resulting from the impact of urban factors. The influence of a small city was found to change the structure of communities of small mammals in surrounding forests by reducing their diversity and enhancing the dominance of ecologically restrained synanthropic species.     

Historical deforestation as a cause of alluviation in small valleys, subcarpathian loess plateau, Poland

The undulating loess Kanczuga Plateau, 250–270 m a.s.l., is located in the temperate climatic zone of Central Europe, within the northern foreland of the Carpathians. It is dissected by a network of valleys 30–60 m deep, infilled with several metres of complex minerogenic and organic deposits which started to accumulate during the early Holocene. The southern side of one of these valleys is dissected by several dry valleys. The mouth sections of these valleys have buried surface comprising peat and/or organic silts, overlain by sandy–silty alluvium. ¹⁴C dates indicate that the alluviation of these valley floors, which proceeded from the headwaters to the mouth sections, began in the 1100 ad. The gradual intensification of soil erosion in the upper part of the catchment and associated sedimentation probably encompassed only a few centuries, with greatest alluviation during the Little Ice Age. This plateau, which is under the influence of more continental climatic conditions than the low-mountain and upland regions of Western Europe, features more climatic contrasts. Here environmental changes triggered by land use were superimposed on climatic change. The most intensive processes of soil erosion and sediment transfer as well as alluviation, coincided with the first phase of cooling during the Little Ice Age. It was the final stage of the intensification of these processes, probably more intensive than its initial phase in the eleventh century, caused primarily by deforestation resulting from the development of agriculture.     

Energy and Enviromental Issues in Turkey

The current and future projections of energy utilisation and related environmental impact has been given. Due to the heavy dependance on low grade lignites and imported hard coal, Turkey is going to have problems in the control of CO₂ emissions. Turkey was at first included as an Annex I country according to Kyoto Protocol. Later, it has been removed from the list which is justified considering the previous international environmental impact control applications and relatively much lower energy utilisation in Turkey, compared to Annex I countries. Therefore, Turkey has been removed from the Annex I list.Turkish power generation, industrial and transportation sector will be facing a difficult challenge over the coming 20 yr in complying with environmental impact levels. The developments in the liberalisation of Turkish energy sector since the 1980's is a positive step to overcome the problems.     

陆上直升机机场环境影响评价

提出建设直升飞机机场引出的环境问题,推荐直升机噪声暴露级的计算方法、储油罐排放的恶臭污染物的估算和评价及直升飞机飞行时对飞行路线附近电视机干扰的评估.     

提高区域生态环境质量综合评价水平的新思路--GIS与层次分析法的结合

区域生态环境质量综合评价涉及众多要素，同时又需要反映生态环境质量状况的空间格局。层次分析法在多要素综合评价方面具有独特优势，而GIS技术拥有强大的空间分析能力，将GIS与层次分析法相结合应用于江苏省生态环境质量综合评价，可以充分发挥两种方法的优势。首先，根据江苏省生态环境的基本特点确定生态环境质量综合评价的指标体系和基本评价单元，通过层次分析法，确定各评价指标的权重，计算出每个评价单元的生态环境质量综合指数和分指数；然后运用GIS技术，根据每个评价单元的质量指数和分指数，自动生成江苏省生态环境综合评价等级图；在此基础上，对江苏省生态环境整体及各不同侧面质量状况的空间分异规律进行分析和研究。结果显示，江苏省生态环境质量基本上由南向北逐渐降低，与自然环境状况的空间格局大体吻合，但局部地区有差异。表明自然条件对江苏省生态环境质量的空间分异起决定性作用，但社会经济和环境污染等因素同样对生态环境具有重要影响，在某些情况下，甚至可以成为决定因素，并在一定程度上改变生态环境的空间格局。     

Disaster in the South Paciic: Impact of tropical cyclone "Nomu" on the Solomon Islands, May 1986

Tropical Cyclone "Namu" struck the Pacific nation of the Solomon Islands during 18-20th May 1986. It was sthe most serious natural disaster in the Solomons in lining memory. Nearly a third of the total population of 267,000 were diriven from their homes and 150 people were killed, with damage estimates beginning in AUD 25 million. It has been estimated by the Solomon Islands Ministry of Economic Planning that it will take seven years for the economy to recover. This paper discusses the major events of the disaster episode by employing the Powell and Rayner model of "disaster-time." Factors relating to current disaster Planning and management within the Solomon Islands are outlined. The paper also highlights assistance provided by Australla during the Post-impact sequence and illustrates the type of general disaster preparatory support which Australia provides to South pacific.     

Sediment organic matter and meiofauna community response to long-term fish-farm impact in the Ligurian Sea (Western Mediterranean)

Quantitative and qualitative changes in meiofauna community structure were investigated to assess the impact of a fish farm, which was operating continuously for 15 years (La Spezia Gulf, W Mediterranean). Sediment samples were collected in June, July, September, October 2000 and February 2001 for the analysis of phytopigments (chlorophyll-a and phaeopigments), the biochemical composition of organic matter (proteins, carbohydrates and lipids) and related to meiofaunal parameters.

Sediment organic matter reached extremely high concentrations beneath the fish cages when compared to the control. Particularly lipids, carbohydrates and chlorophyll-a were significantly higher in fish-farm sediments. On a long-term basis meiofauna displayed adaptations in sediments beneath the cages resulting in an increase of density. Organic impact on meiofaunal community structure was evident in terms of an increase of the nematodes to copepods (Ne/Co) and nauplius to copepods (Na/Co) ratios in fish farm sediments. Cumaceans and kinorhynchs were encountered in control sediments, but disappeared in fish-farm samples. These data suggest that meiofauna is a sensitive tool for evaluating the effects of organic enrichment in fish farm impacted areas.     

环境影响评价中清洁生产分析存在的问题及改进建议

论述了清洁生产分析已成为建设项目环境影响评价的重要内容，但尚存在三个主要问题，提出做好清洁生产分析的建议。     

Enforcement of mitigation measures resulting from environmental impact assessment

Until recently, relatively little attention has been paid to the problem of enforcing mitigation measures identified in environmental impact assessment. Present or proposed enforcement systems in the USA, New South Wales, South Australia, and Western Australia are described and discussed. Although the best enforcement system would depend on the local social, political, and legal systems, five universally desirable features are identified. First, a comprehensive coordinated monitoring and reassessment system is needed. Second, the agencies concerned must have adequate resources to do the work and incentives to carry it out well. Third, there must be the necessary legal powers. Fourth, provision must be made for changing the conditions based on experience. And fifth, the system should be equally effective against private companies and public authorities.     

乌江流域梯级开发的不良环境效应

乌江流域梯级开发是我国一项较大的流域开发系统工程，20世纪60年代国家规划在乌江干流建立11个梯级电站，装机容量达834万kW。目前普定，东风和乌江渡水电站已建成，其余的正在建设或筹建中。乌江流域梯级开发在促进该流域经济发展的同时，也将带来水良环境效应。结合乌江流域的自然、社会、经济条件，从五个方面分析流域梯级开发将产生的不良环境效应，并针对这些问题，提出了相应的防治对策。