苏云金芽胞杆菌基因工程菌BMB696B对实验动物的安全性评估

将来自苏云金芽胞杆菌李氏亚种的营养期杀虫蛋白基因vip83导入苏云金芽胞杆菌高毒菌株YBT-1520,得到广谱、高毒的工程菌BMB696B.室内生物测定显示该工程菌对棉铃虫和甜菜夜蛾具有很高的毒力.然而,国内外还未见有关于营养期杀虫蛋白的毒理学资料的报道,因此工程菌BMB696B的毒理学安全性也无法预测.为了对该工程菌的安全性进行合理的评价,并为该产品的生产和应用过程中安全防护措施的制定提供依据,根据国家标准GB 15670-1995<农药登记毒理学试验方法>,就BMB696B粉剂对实验动物进行了相关的毒理学试验.结果表明,工程菌对Wistar大鼠急性经口LD50大于5 000 mg/kg,急性经皮LD50大于2 000 mg/kg,均属低毒类;对兔皮肤刺激平均指数72 h后为0,皮肤刺激强度为无刺激性;眼刺激平均指数48 h后为O,眼刺激强度为无刺激性;对豚鼠致敏率为0,属Ⅰ级弱致敏物.由此证明,工程菌BMB696B没有经口和经皮的急性毒性、没有急性皮肤和眼刺激性、没有致敏性.     

纳米材料对水生生物的生态毒理效应研究进展

随着纳米材料的大量生产和应用,其将不可避免地释放到水环境中．近年来,纳米材料对水生生物的生态毒理效应已经引起了科学家的广泛关注．纳米材料在水环境中的分散液／悬浮液是与环境最为相关的形态;纳米材料在水环境中的分散与团聚、生物累积直接决定了其生态毒理学效应．本文概述了纳米材料在水环境中的环境行为,归纳了纳米材料在水生生物中...     

废水生物强化处理技术研究进展

生物强化技术具有高效去除目标污染物、加速系统启动、提高系统抗水力及有机负荷能力以及优化系统菌群结构和增强功能稳定性等功能,在废水生物处理实际应用中潜力巨大.总结了国内外废水生物强化处理技术研究进展,在功能微生物选育方面,通过传统选育手段与基因工程手段并举来实现;在功能菌应用与生物强化处理工艺方面,主要通过所投加的功能菌直接作用或是利用基因水平转移(HGT)来实现生物强化;在分子检测技术方面,随着分子生物学的发展,一些技术如变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)、核糖体间隔基因分析方法(RISA)及荧光原位杂交(FISH)等在与微生物生态学研究中得到了广泛应用.分析认为,应用分子生物学等先进技术手段,探讨废水生物强化处理工程应用过程中的微生物生态学机制,并以此为指导研发高性能菌剂,将是本领域的研究重点与方向之一.     

纳米ZnO与TiO2对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)的毒性效应

以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)为受试生物,研究纳米TiO2与ZnO两种纳米颗粒的毒理学效应及环境释放风险.实验采用滤纸法(浓度组:0、0.15、0.75、1.5和3.0 mg·cm-2)和溶液法(浓度组:0、10、50和100 mg·L-1),染毒时间为48 h,以抗氧化系统的响应和DNA损伤作为毒理效...     

环境毒理学研究进展

综述了近年来环境毒理学的研究进展,内容包括:环境污染物对机体的影响及其环境行为、环境污染物及其转化物的毒性和评估方法、实验室模式生物、生物标志物以及环境毒理学在其他相关学科中的应用等.此外,还对环境化学品管理和安全性评价、Hormesis(兴奋效应)现象、遗传毒性致癌物的危险度评价、室内环境毒理学分析与研究等热点问题进...     

固定化工程菌对偶氮染料脱色及强化作用

利用聚亚胺酯大孔泡沫吸附固定基因工程菌Escherichia coli JM109 (pGEX-AZR),研究其对偶氮染料的脱色动力学及生物强化作用.实验表明,固定的E.coli JM109(pGEX-AZR) 对酸性大红GR的脱色动力学符合Andrews方程,动力学常数为μ_max,c、K_c、K_ic分别为49 .2 mg·(g·h)^-1、710 .43 mg·L^-1和681 .62　mg·L^-1,R²为0 .995.将固定的E.coli JM109(pGEX-AZR)按10%的比例投加到厌氧序批式活性污泥反应器中连续运行32 d,含有固定化工程菌的强化体系耐浓度冲击的能力和脱色率均高于对照体系,脱色率可以稳定在90%以上.利用RISA对其微生物群落结构进行分析,E.coli JM109(pGEX-AZR)及降解酸性大红GR的优势菌群可以在污泥体系中稳定存在.     

华北平原耕作土壤特性对基因工程菌迁移的影响

基因工程菌在土壤中的迁移是影响污染土壤生物强化修复的重要因素.在华北平原饱和耕作土壤中,考察了1株阿特拉津降解基因工程菌迁移留存及其影响因素.结果表明,在饱和耕作土壤中,平流渗透是基因工程菌迁移的主要机制,其过程可用过滤模型拟合.土壤性质对孔隙水流和基因工程菌迁移具有显著影响.随着土壤粒径、孔隙率和土壤砂粒组分增加,土壤水力传导率常数增大,基因工程菌过滤系数减小,土壤对基因工程菌过滤留存作用降低.土壤条件不变时,增加入渗流量也会增大土壤水力传导率常数,减小基因工程菌过滤系数.饱和土壤中,水力传导率常数为5.02~6.70 m·d-1时,基因工程菌在土壤中的过滤系数为0.105~0.274,二者存在显著负相关关系.     

Accumulation and elimination of iron oxide nanomaterials in zebrafish (Danio rerio) upon chronic aqueous exposure

A 52-day continuous semi-static waterborne exposure (test media renewed daily) regimen was employed to investigate the accumulation and elimination profiles of two iron oxide nanomaterials (nano-Fe₂O₃ and nano-Fe₃O₄) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Adult zebrafish were exposed to nanomaterial suspensions with initial concentrations of 4.0 and 10.0 mg/L for 28 days and then were moved to clean water for 24 days to perform the elimination experiment. Fe content was measured in fish body and feces to provide data on accumulation and elimination of the two iron oxide nanomaterials in zebrafish. The experiment revealed that: (1) high accumulation of nano-Fe₂O₃ and nano-Fe₃O₄ were found in zebrafish, with maximum Fe contents, respectively, of 1.32 and 1.25 mg/g for 4.0 mg/L treatment groups and 1.15 and 0.90 mg/g for 10.0 mg/L treatment groups; (2) accumulated nanoparticles in zebrafish can be eliminated efficiently (the decrease of body burden of Fe conforms to a first-order decay equation) when fish were moved to nanoparticle-free water, and the elimination rates ranged from 86% to 100% by 24 days post-exposure; and (3) according to analysis of Fe content in fish excrement in the elimination phase, iron oxide nanomaterials may be adsorbed via the gastrointestinal tract, and stored for more than 12 days.     

A Framework for the Ethical Analysis of Novel Foods: The Ethical Matrix

The paper addresses the issue of how indemocratic societies a procedure might be formulatedto facilitate ethical judgements on modernbiotechnologies used in food production. A frameworkfor rational ethical analysis, the Ethical Matrix, isproposed. The Matrix adapts the principles describedby Beauchamp and Childress for application to medicalissues, to interest groups (e.g., producers,consumers, and the biotic environment) affected bythese technologies. The use of the Matrix isillustrated by applying it to an example of a ``novelfood,' viz., a form of genetically modified maize.     

Inorganic nanoparticles enhance the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the autoxidation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa)

Public concerns over the toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) are growing due to the rapid development of nanotechnology. An important mechanism of nanotoxicity is oxidative stress resulting from reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, the chemical production of ROS by inorganic NPs oxidizing the mammalian phenolic compound, l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa) was evaluated using a ROS sensitive dye, 2′,7′-diclorodihydrofluorescin (DCFH). CeO₂, Fe₂O₃ and Fe⁰ NPs enhanced ROS production during the autoxidation of l-dopa by more than four-fold in reactions that were dependent on O₂. This is the first report of chemical ROS production due to interaction of phenolic compounds with NPs. Mn₂O₃ oxidized DCFH in a reaction that did not require O₂ or l-dopa, suggesting a direct redox reaction between the Mn₂O₃ and the dye. CeO₂, Mn₂O₃ and to a lesser extent Fe⁰ formed clear electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signature for hydroxyl radicals when incubated in aerobic aqueous suspensions with spin traps. The results indicate that NPs can generate ROS via chemical reactions with medium components and biomolecules susceptible to oxidation, such as l-dopa. NPs were reactive whereas micron-sized particles were not. The combined assay with l-dopa and DCFH is a method proposed to screen for chemical ROS production by NPs.