Fragmentation profiles for real and simulated landscapes

When a natural landscape is represented by a series of categorical raster maps of varying resolution, a multiresolution characterization of spatial pattern can be obtained in which entropy is computed at each resolution conditional on the next coarser resolution. The series of entropy values is plotted as a function of resolution, resulting in a multiresolution profile of fragmentation pattern in the landscape. If a categorical raster map is available at a single resolution only, a series of degraded maps at increasingly coarser resolutions is generated and the fragmentation profile is computed for this series. An algorithm has been developed for obtaining the profile directly from the single resolution map without having to generate and store the coarser resolution maps. A hierarchical stochastic model is described for simulating categorical raster maps and the fragmentation profile of the generating process is obtained in terms of the model parameters. These process profiles provide benchmarks for assessing empirical profiles obtained from raster maps of actual landscapes. Methods of the paper are applied to several watersheds of Pennsylvania using landcover maps derived from satellite imagery. These examples indicate that characteristic landscape types induce characteristic features in their fragmentation profiles.     

基于信息熵的区域环境安全评价——以武汉市为例

土地利用变化所引起的环境影响及其环境安全评价已成为全球变化研究的核心。根据区域环境质量评价方法，引入信息熵的概念，以武汉市为例分析了近14年土地利用结构变化对环境的影响，并从土地-环境-经济三方面对其作了比较分析。结果表明，武汉市的整体环境趋于恶化，分区环境质量变化不平衡，生态系统经济价值总态势趋于下降。     

基于熵值法的城市土地集约利用评价——以徐州市为例

从社会、经济和生态环境三个方面对城市土地集约利用的内涵进行了界定，构建了城市土地集约利用评价指标体系，利用熵值法确定指标权重，采用综合加权法计算城市土地利用的集约度。比徐州市为例进行了实证研究。并对评价结果进行分析，提出了针对性的建议。     

PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR TPLN DISTRIBUTION FOR FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: The principle of maximum entropy (POME) was used to derive an alternative method for parameter estimation for the three parameter lognormal (TPLN) distribution. Six sets of annual peak discharge data were used to evaluate this method and compare it with the methods of moments and maximum likelihood estimation.     

淮河流域洪涝变化可预报时间研究

在先前的淮河流域洪涝变化基本特征、混沌特征、耗散性等基础上,采用Ｋｏｌｍｏｇｏｒｏｖ熵和Ｌｙａｐｕｎｏｖ指数谱分析了淮河流域洪涝变化预报时间。研究表明,淮河流域洪涝变化长期不可预报,短期是可以预报的,其可预报时间为４￣６年,以４年为较合适。     

基于PSR模型的长潭水库生态安全评价研究

结合长潭水库生态环境现状和生态安全评价研究成果,着眼长潭水库生态系统特征,将水库生态健康、人类活动压力及水库生态响应等3大类指标纳入生态安全研究框架,运用Pressure-State-Response （PSR）模型,建立包含3个层次18个指标的水库生态安全评价指标体系,采用熵权法确定各指标权重,对长潭水库生态安全状况进行评估.结果表明,2008年-2011年间,长潭水库生态安全状况呈好转趋势.讨论了长潭水库目前生态安全保护中存在的主要环境问题并提出相关建议.     

基于气象因素和改进支持向量机的空气质量指数预测

空气污染已成为人类社会面临的严峻挑战,为了构建准确的空气质量预测模型,文章首先运用统计分析方法进行相关性分析,探讨气象要素变化对空气质量的影响;针对传统支持向量机预测精确度受输入变量影响较大的弊端,采用基于熵权理论对变精度粗糙集约简进行了改进,以处理支持向量机的输入变量,提高支持向量机的预测精度;最后以沈阳市的历史气象数据和空气质量指数进行验证。与传统方法相比,所提方法能够将预测准确率由71.28%提高到77.83%,空报率和漏报率也有降低,与实际基本吻合。     

利用小样本数据预处理技术提高效能指标精度

提出了运用熵值判别法和线性均方估计法来处理小样本数据的方法.熵值判别法是根据熵的上界对应最大的不确定度,利用所得数据的熵信息量判别数据是否含有粗大误差;线性均方估计消除粗大误差是一种采用软化的方法处理粗大误差.经过多次试验,结果表明这两种方法在处理小样本采样数据时能够有效地提高数据精度.     

Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by sawdust adsorption

The adsorption of lead, cadmium and nicel from aqueous solution by sawdust of walnut was investigated. The effect of contact time, initial metal ion concentration and temperature on metal ions removal has been studied. The equilibrium time was found to be of the order of 60 min. Kinetics fit pseudo first-order, second-order and intraparticle diffusion models, hence adsorption rate constants were calculated. The adsorption data of metal ions at temperatures of 25, 45 and 60~C have been described by the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The thermodynamic parameters such as energy, entropy and enthalpy changes for the adsorption of heavy metal ions have also been computed and discussed. Ion exchange is probably one of the major adsorption mechanisms for binding divalent metal ions to the walnut sawdust. The selectivity order of the adsorbent is Pb（I1）~Cd（II）〉Ni（I1）. From these results, it can be concluded that the sawdust of walnut could be a good adsorbent for the metal ions from aqueous solutions.     

基于熵权物元可拓模型的福州市环境综合质量评价

本文针对城市环境总体质量评价的特点,采用物元可拓理论和熵权法构建了城市环境总体质量综合评判模型,并对福州市环境总体质量进行了评价,结果表明福州市2008年的环境综合质量状况良好.